Urinary Tract And Male Reproduction Flashcards
(19 cards)
Systemic symptoms of urinary disease
Name three
Infections which can produce fever
Formation of urine uremia
Levels of certain constituents of the blood - hypercalcemia or hyperkalemia -can cause cardiac arrest
Urinary disease symptoms LOCALIZED
Name 7
Polyuria Oliguria Anuria Proteinuria Glycosuria Hematuria Pyuria
Urinary Tract Diseases occur by multiple mechanisms
Name two syndromes and explain
-Nephritic syndrome - edema, hypertension, hematuria, proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia
Acute - post streptococcal glomerunephritis
Chronic - systemic lupus erythematosus
-Nephrotic syndrome - edema, proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and lipiduria
Commonly caused by diabetes
Developmental diseases (kidney) Name three
Polycystic kidney disease - adult variant Autosomal dominant --kidneys massively enlarged by cysts --renal failure develops by age 50 Potters syndrome - complete renal agenesis --leads to pulmonary hypoplasia --pulmonary hypoplasia
Urinary stones “urolithiasis” (5%adults have stones)
Name four types
Calcium stones (in pts who hypersecrete calcium)
Struvite stone (usually a complication of multiple infections)
Uric acid stones - in pts with gout (hyperuricemia)
Cystine stones- rarest - inborn error of metabolism - cystinosis
Urolithiasis clinical features
Urinary tract obstruction
Can lead to infections
Dilation of kidney and atrophy
Small stones- can be voided spontaneously
Large stones-medical intervention -lithotripsy
Urinary tract infections
Describe three ways to get them and five aka’s
MOST ascending infections
LESS common route-hematogenous
MOST COMMONLY FROM bowel flora
TERMS: urethritis, cystitis, ureteritis, pyelitis, pyelonephritis
Circulatory disturbances
Name three
Acute tubular necrosis
Complication of acute hypoperfusion of kidneys ie: myocardial infarction, shock
Nephroangiosclerosis
Narrowing renal arteries by artheriosclerosis, extension of aortic artheriosclerosis, leads to ischemic death of glomeruli
Hypertension
Develop from nephroangioscleriosis
Neoplasms
Name three
1-Renal cell carcinoma
2-UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA(transitional cell carcinoma)
3-WILMS TUMOR (nephroblastoma)
Renal cell carcinoma
Most common in kidney 85% of all kidney tumors
Risk factors: smoking, familial occurrences
Causes flank pain, blood in urine, palpable abdominal mass
Grossly-different types (most) clear cell- yellow masses
45% five year survival
Urothelial carcinoma
describe
-Most common tumor of urinary bladder
-occur anywhere in urinary tract from urethra to renal pelvis
-different grades polyploid growth pattern or can be flat and invasive
Prognosis depends on grade and stage-
Noninvasive 95% survival five years
Invades muscle- 25-30% die
WILMS TUMOR (nephronblastoma)
Almost exclusively in children
Aka nephroblastoma
Most present at 2-5 years
Male reproductive
Congenital abnormalities
Name two
CRYPTOCHISM
Congenital malpositioniing of testicle outside scrotal sac- testes form in abdominal cavity-descend thru inguinal canal in last two months of uterine development -inguinal canal sometimes doesn’t close- allows ascent of testes-surgical repair- 10fold increase in cancer of nondescended testes. Surgery reduces risk.
HYPOSPADIAS -malpositioniing of urethral opening on under surface of penis
Infections of the male reproductive system
Name five
Balantitis-inflammation glans penis
Virus herpes-and bacteria(treponema pallidum)
URETHRITIS-inflammation of urethra
Bacteria-gonorrhea, chlamydia(nongonococcal urethritis)
PROSTATIITIS-inflammation of prostrate-older men, bacterial, enteric pathogens
EPIDIDYMITIS-inflammation epididymis -ascending infections,younger men, STDs,older men-enteric pathogens
ORCHITIS-inflammation of testes
Extensions of other infections ; prior to vaccination the disease mumps accounted for 20% of cases.
Sexually transmitted disease
name four
Genital herpes is herpes simplex virus two causes blistering and infections recur
Gonorrhea
produces a urethritis
Chlamydial infection obligate intracellular bacteria
produces urethritis
Syphilis caused by spirochete treponma pallidum
three stages of infection –
primary stage presence of canker sore last 4 to 6 weeks
stage two months two years from primary infection fever lymph node enlargement, rash lesions on palms and soles of feet
-tertiary stage untreated patients 2 to 20 years after primary infection presence of GUMMA, can infect heart, aorta - aneurysms, brain
Neoplasms in testis
1% of all neoplasms in men (occur at an earlier age)
Seminoma - a germ malignancy, peak age 40, prognosis good
Non-seminomatous-germ tumor cells, mixed tumor types w seminomas, other: embryonal cell, choriocarcinoma. Tendency to metastasize earlier and require stronger chemotherapy. Greater than 90% five year survival rate.
Other tumor types-stromal cell Leydig and Sertoli cell, rates vary.
PROSTATE
HYPERPLASIA called….
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Enlargement of prostate gland
Older men-probably hormonal shift
Gross-nodular enlargement of median bar -compresses urethra
Causes-urinary retention; urinary frequency; loss of control
Neoplasm of prostate called….
Prostate carcinoma
Most common
3rd most common tumor in males.
No effective therapies once it has escaped confines of prostate
Pathologically-comes from peripheral portion of gland unlike BHP
Favored sites of metastasis-vertebral bones, lungs, liver
Tumor type-adenocarcinoma various grades
Tumor cells-elicit PSA prostate specific antigen, used as a screening tool
Penis neoplasm
Carcinoma
Rare in US
squamous cell carcinomas
Correlates w circumcision rates and hygiene
Smegma - desquamated cells and bacteria carcinogenic
Less common -transitional
