Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

DT3-Exam 3 > Urinary Tract/ Bladder Disease-- Melissa* > Flashcards

Urinary Tract/ Bladder Disease-- Melissa* Flashcards

(56 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What type of tissue lines the lower URT (ureters, bladder, urethra)?

A

urothelial epithelium (Transitional epithelium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

List three sites of normal anatomical ureter narrowing:

A
  1. Ureteropelvic junction (infant obstruction common)
  2. Crossing at external/common iliac aa.
  3. Ureter/bladder junction (enter in oblique fashion)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Common finding associated with double ureter:

A

-Associated with duplication of renal pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Population that gets urteopelvic junction obstruction?
Which side is this normally on?
What can it cause?

A
  • # 1 Male children

- Lt&raquo_space;> Rt–>Hydronephrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a ureteral diverticulum?

A

Saccular outpouching of ureteral wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe what is seen with acute ureter inflammation. How does this occur?

A

UTI

Neutrophillic infiltrate; acute inflammatory changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 4 types of chronic ureter inflammation?

A 
Uretritis  Cystica
Uretritis Folliculitis
Uretritis Glandularis
Intestinal Metaplasia 
**All will have lymphs, fibrosis, and typical chronic inflammatory changes**
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Uretritis Cystica:

Definition and defying histo feature?

A
  • Cysts deep in mucosa

- BRUNN NESTS (mucosal invaginations ) with small central clearing (1-5mm cysts)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Uretritis Folliculitis:

Definition and histo features?

A

-Bumps on ureter surface full of lymph tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Uretritis Glandularis:

What happens here?

A

-Ureteral tissue replaces with glandular tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Intestinal Metaplasia:

What happens here?

A

-Uroepithelium–> goblet cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Two Benign tumors of the bladder?

A

Leiomyoma and polyps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q 
What do we call malignancy of the bladder? 
#1 risk? With what genetic disorder might these tumors be associated?
A

Uroepithelial Ca.

  • # 1 risk = SMOKING (also occupational exposure, analgesic nephropathy)
  • Asstd with Hereditary Nonpolyposis colorectal cancer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Genetic mutation associated with HNPCC

A

HNPCC DNA mismatch repair gene mutation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Two general types of ureter obstructive lesions:

A

Can be intrinsic—calculi, strictures, tumor etc. or extrinsic—preggos, inflammation, endometriosis, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Two obstructive diseases of the ureter:

A
  • Sclerosing Retroperitoneal Fibrosis

- Hydronephrosis (secondary to ureteropelvic junction obstruction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Sclerosing Retroperitoneal Fibrosis:
Population + #1 cause?
By what is this disease mediated?
How is it treated?

A
  • Generally idiopathic syndrome of middle to late age
  • IgG4 mediated ureter fusion to retroperitoneum
  • requires surgical correction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Three potential causes of sclerosing retroperitoneal fibrosis?

Three potential comorbidities with sclerosing retroperitoneal fibrosis?

A
  • Potential causes: ergot derivatives, inflammatory syndromes (Chrons), malignancy (lymphoma)
  • Possible comorbidities: mediastinal fibrosis, Sclerosing cholangitis, Riedel Fibrosing thyroiditis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Sclerosing Retroperitoneal Fibrosis:

Histo features

A

-Micro: Chronic inflammatory changes; EOS; +/-fat necrosis; +/-granulomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Hydronephrosis:

What is it, who gets it, and where does it most commonly occur?

A
  • Common complication secondary to uretopelvic junction obstruction in males
  • Typically on left side (20% bilateral)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a bladder diverticula? Why is it dangerous?

A
  • Congenital&raquo_space;> Acquired invagination of bladder wall

- Possible site for tumorigenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Exstrophy of the bladder: what is it?

A
  • Developmental failure of anterior abdominal and bladder wall
  • Bladder extrudes lower abdominal wall
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Vesicoureteral Reflux causes…

Study These Flashcards
A

Causes chronic UTI

24
Q

What is a Urachal remnant**?
What did the structure do developmentally?
Why is it important?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Urachus/Urachal remnant at dome of bladder (structure connected fetal bladder w/ allantois in utero)
  • May be mistaken for tumor/ provide site for tumorigenesis
25
Micro histology of uracheal remnant:
Glandular & uroepithelial tissue (should be just uroepithelial!)
26
Clinical triad associated with cystitis:
Clinical Triad: 1. ^ Frequency urination (~15min) 2. Suprapubic Pain 3. Dysuria (pain and burning with urination)
27
Hemorrhagic Cystitis: three things associated?
Associated with radiation, chemo, and viral infection
28
What is the most common cause of bacterial cystitis? | What are some fungi, parasites, and viruses that can also cause cystitis?
Bacterial-->#1: E.coli (Also: Proteus, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, mycoplasma, chlamydia); RARELY TB Fungal--> Candida albicans Schistosomiasis-->Middle east; SE Africa Viral--> Adenovirus
29
Schistosomiasis related cystitis is common in which groups of people?
Middle east; SE Africa
30
Follicular Cystitis is...
Inflammation of lymphoid follicles in the bladder
31
Eosinophilic Cystitis is...
Allergic reaction; non specific (EOS = red, bi-lobar!)
32
Interstitial Cystitis*** - What is it and how is it mediated - Describe gross changes to bladder wall - Describe progression
- Painful persistent chronic cystitis likely immune mediated - Fibrosis of ALL bladder wall layers Progression: Submucosal Hemorrhaging -->Classic chronic mucosal ulcers (Hunner’s Ulcers)
33
Malacoplakia: What are the most common causes? Describe progression of the disease:
``` #1: E.coli + Proteus Immunocomp. w/ defective phagocytosis--> chronic infection --> (3-4cm) raised mucosal plaque s ```
34
Histo features of Malacoplakia
Chronic inflammatory cells; large foamy macs Michaelis-Gutmann bodies (Laminated mineralized concretions-- ^^ Ca) (M)acs and (M)ineralized (M)ichaelis bodies in (M)alackoplakia
35
4 types of metaplasia of the bladder:
- Brunn Cysts; Cystitis Cystica - Cystitis Glandular - Squamous Metaplasia - Nephrogenic Metaplasia/ Adenoma
36
What are Brunn Cysts of the bladder?
Urothelium invaginates into lamina propria
37
What is cystitis cystic of the bladder?
Cyst lined with urothelium (has central clearing) *Basically brun cysts with CENTRAL CLEARING
38
What is cystitis glandularis of the bladder? | What do the cysts contain (3)
Stems from GLAND--> Contains cuboidal, columnar, goblet cell epi
39
Nephrogenic Metaplasia/ Adenoma*** of the bladder: what is this and how does it look on histo?
- Remember this is a BENIGN response to injury | - Histo:tubular cells of kidney replace uroepi tissue.
40
Two benign tumors of the bladder?
Papilloma; PUNLMP (borderline lesion)
41
Who gets papillomas of the bladder? How big are they? That are the two types?
- Younger patients; ~1cm | - Two Types: Inverted (located in lamina propia) or Exophytic
42
PUNLMP (Papillary Urothelial Neoplasms of low malignant potential): What are these? How do they differ from papilloma? Describe the histo feature>
- BOARDERLINE LESION - Thicker urothelium - HISTO: Nuclear enlargement; rarely have mitosis
43
Low grade uroepithelial ca of the bladder: Histo
- Orderly tumor | - Micro: some polarity evident, minimal atypia/ mitoses
44
High grade uroepithelial ca of the bladder: Histo
- DISORDERLY tumor | - Disarray, NO POLARITY, ^ ANAPLASIA,^Mitosis
45
Squamous Cell Ca of the bladder: What organism can cause this? Describe the histo.
-SCHISTOSOMA; will see several eggs in Urothelium -Micro: Keratin (pink); intercellular bridging (common to ALL squamous cell tumors)
46
Small cell ca of the bladder: 3 stains and histo description:
- Stain: CD56/57 +; Synaptophysin+; Chromogranin + | - Micro: Small blue cells like in lung!
47
Botyroid Rhabdomyosarcoma: | Who gets this? Describe the macro and micro histo:
- Infancy/Childhood tumor of smooth muscle origin - Macro: Looks like grapes! - Micro: Dark staining CAMBIUM layer; deeper hypocellular/myxiod stroma
48
Leiomyosarcoma of the bladder: describe the histo
fascicles of malignant spindle cells; mitoses and atypica evicent
49
Describe the T1-T4 staging of malignant bladder tumors:
T1: Lamina P. T2: Muscularis P. (surgery candidates) T3: Perivisceral Fat T4: Adjacent structures
50
Describe the early and late changes associated with chronic bladder obstruction:
BPH/Neurogenic bladder/Etc.--> Early thickening of muscular bladder wall--> Later muscle hypertrophy and trabeculation
51
What is the most common organism causing urethritis? What are three other bacteria that can cause this? Which what syndrome might this be associated?
- Typically Gonococcal - Possibly E.coli, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma - May be associated with REITER’s SYNDROME (HLA B27)
52
Which genetic polymorphism is associated with reiter's syndrome? What is the clinical triad of this disease?
REITER’s SYNDROME (HLA B27): Arthritis, conjunctivitis, urethritis Cant see cant pee cant climb a tree
53
What is a urethral carbuncle? Describe the histology:
- BENIGN Small, red painful granulation tissue (inflammatory) tumor on urethral meatus of elderly females - Micro: Vascular, fibroblasts, leukocytes - cut it off.
54
What is a urethral papilloma
-Benign mucosal proliferations
55
Where are urethral condylomas located?
-More common in distal urethra
56
How common are urethral malicnangies? Describe the tissue of origin for urethral malignancies based on where they arise:
Rare!!! Proximal--> Urothelial origin Distal--> Squamous cell origin

DT3-Exam 3 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions