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Clinical Urology > Urinary Tract Diseases of the Small Ruminant > Flashcards

Urinary Tract Diseases of the Small Ruminant Flashcards

(45 cards)

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1
Q

What is the term for more urine production?

A

Polyuria

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2
Q

What is the term for less urine production?

A

Oliguria

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3
Q

What is the term for NO urine production?

A

Anuria

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4
Q

What is the term for increased frequency of urination?

A

Pollakuria

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5
Q

What are some of the clinical signs associated with urinary tract disease?

A
  • abdominal pain + distension
  • pain or difficulty urinating
  • subcutaneous swelling
  • depression (uraemia)
  • weight loss +/- diarrhea
  • changes in kidney size
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6
Q

What factors shouldnt be found in small ruminant urinalysis?

A 
Not normal to see:
Glucose
Ketones
Protein
Blood 
Bilirubin
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7
Q

What biochemical parameters can we measure to help diagnose UTD in ruminants?

A 
Urea
Creatinine
Total Protein
Creatine Kinase
Electrolytes
Beta Hydroxybutyrate (BHB)
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8
Q

How can uremia be categorized and tested in the ruminant?

A

Pre-renal- SG >1.025
Renal- SG >1.008 - 1.012
Post-renal- SG > 1.025, but variable

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9
Q

What is the most common cause of pre-renal uremia in ruminants?

A
  • Dehydration

- Shock

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10
Q

What is the most common cause of renal uremia in ruminants?

A
  • Pyelonephritis
  • Toxic Insult
  • Amyloidosis
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11
Q

What is the most common cause of post-renal uremia in ruminants?

A
  • Urolithiasis

- Trauma (ruptured bladder)

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12
Q

What are the most common diseases of the urinary tract in sheep and goats?

A

Kidney:

  • Pulpy kidney or bacillary haemoglobinuria
  • Toxic Nephrosis (acorns are toxic or certain antimicrobials)

Lower Urinary Tract:

  • Urolithiasis: very common
  • Ulcerative balano-posthitis/ balanitis/ vaginitis

Other diseases do occur but are far less common in sheep and goats

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13
Q

What causes Pulpy kidney disease?

A
  • Clostridia perfringens type D enterotoxemia
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14
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with Pulpy Kidney Disease?

A

acute onset
headpressing
central blindness
frothing

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15
Q

How can Pulpy Kidney Disease be diagnosed?

A
  • Glycosuria

- PM: focal symmetrical encephalomalacia + leakage of blood in kidney cortex hence a soft and pulpy kidney

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16
Q

What is the treatment/ prevention for Pulpy kidney disease?

A

Treatment is impossible

Prevention is through maternal vaccination- GOOD vaccine available thats given 4-6 weeks before lambing

Lambs then need to be vaccinated 3-6 weeks old and again a month later

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17
Q

What causes Bacillary haemoglobinuria in sheep and goats?

A

Ingestion of Clostridia haemolytica

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18
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Bacillary haemoglobinuria ?

A
  • Ingestion
  • Latent spores become lodged in the liver
  • Require a locus of anaerobic microenvironment in the liver (commonly caused by liver fluke)
  • The spores germinate in anaerobic conditions and produce Beta toxin (phospholipase C)
  • This results in intravascular hemolysis, hemolytic anemia and hemoglobinuria (red urine)
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19
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with Bacillary haemoglobinuria?

Study These Flashcards
A 
Dull
Depressed
Pyrexic with dark urine
Jaundice
Death in 48-72 hours
20
Q

How can Bacillary haemoglobinuria be diagosed?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Clinical signs
  • PM: ischemic infarct in the liver, petechial haemorrhage in dark friable kidneys with a purple-red urine stained bladder
21
Q

What is the treatment and prevention of Bacillary haemoglobinuria?

Study These Flashcards
A

Treatment is impossible

Prevention is through maternal vaccination- GOOD vaccine available thats given 4-6 weeks before lambing

Lambs then need to be vaccinated 3-6 weeks old and again a month later

22
Q

What are the common toxins that cause Toxic Nephrosis in Sheep and Goats?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Antimicrobials: aminoglycosides, oxytetracyclines, sulphonamides
  • NSAIDs
  • Dewormers: benzimidazoles
  • Monensin
  • Aldrin poisoning in goats (pesticide)
  • Mycotoxins
  • Acorns (Quercus poisoning): very common
23
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with ingestion of Acorns (Quercus poisoning) in sheep and goats?

Study These Flashcards
A 
Anorexia
Depression
Brisket edema
Dehydration
Rumen stasis
Tenesmus
Halitosis
Serous ocular and nasal discharge
PU/PD +/- hematuria
Icterus
Constipation -> mucoid to haemorrhagic diarrhea

Signs usually present 3-7 days after ingestion

24
Q

What would be a classic renal failure biochem panel + urinalysis seen with Quercus poisoning in sheep and goats?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Increased BUN and creatinine
  • Proteinuria, glucosuria, hyperbilirubinuria, hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia
  • Urine with a low SG
25
What findings might you find on PM from a sheep with Quercus poisoning?
- pale swollen kidneys - coagulative necrosis - perirenal edema, ascites and hydrothorax - edema and sub-serousal petechial or eccymotic haemorrhage of the intestinal mucosa and ulceration of the esophagus
26
What is the treatment and prognosis of Quercus poisoning in sheep?
Prognosis poor unless found early - Fluid therapy - Ruminal microflora transplantation - Calcium hydroxide, activated charcoal - Polyethylene glycol in the feed or water will bind tannins and reduce tissue damage
27
What is the cause of Ovine/ Lamb Nephrosis?
Currently unknown, but believed to be linked to coccidiosis or nematodirus GI parasites, or linked to the dewormers we use to rid of these parasites
28
What are the clinical signs associated with Ovine/ Lamb Nephrosis?
``` Dull, not suckling Ill-thrift Hunched backs Appear thirsty and will stand at water but wont drink Ataxic Diarrhea Seizures Death in 1- 3 days ```
29
How can Ovine/ Lamb Nephrosis be diagnosed?
- Clinical signs | - PM: swollen, pale kidneys
30
What is the treatment and prognosis for Ovine/ Lamb Nephrosis?
~100% fatality No treatment
31
What is the most common cause of Urinary Tract Infections (Pyelonephritis and Cystitis) in sheep?
- Reproductive tract disease such as metritis or endometritis post lambing - Post-urethrostomy surgery in males is nearly always due to Corynebacterium renale
32
What are the signs associated with UTI (Pyelonephritis and Cystitis) in sheep?
+/- fever stranguria weight loss pyuria +/- hematuria
33
What is the treatment and prognosis of UTI (Pyelonephritis and Cystitis) in sheep?
Prognosis guarded especially if chronic or associated with urethrostomy Tx: - Penicillin, Ampicillin, Amoxicillin for 14-21 days - Urine acidifiers e.g. Sodium acid phosphate 100g/day if C.renale is present as it alkalinizes the urine
34
What are the risk factors associated with Urolithiasis in sheep or goats?
- Male lambs/ kids, especially in those that were castrated in the first month of life (narrow urethra) - Breed: texan and scottish black face - High Mg content in ration (0.2%+), causing Struvite crystals - Alkaline urine (pH >8.0) - Low Ca:P ratio in diet - Dehydration - Rapid dietary changes
35
Where are the 2 most common areas that crystals/ stones get stuck?
- Sigmoid flexure | - Tip of penis
36
What are the clinical signs associated with urolithiasis in sheep/ goats?
``` Dull Restless Tail swishing Separation Sternal recumbancy Foot stomping Excessive bleating Bruxism Painful expression Stranguria and tenesmus: wide based hind limb stance with legs held backwards Increased HR, RR and congested mm ```
37
How can Urolithiasis be diagnosed in sheep and goats?
- clinical signs - Uroperitoneum due to a leaking bladder wall. Rupture is actually rare - Ultrasound - Gritty material at prepuce (but not always indicative)
38
What is the treatment for Urolithiasis in sheep?
- Daily oral dosing of ammonium chloride - excision of the vermiform appendix if cause of the problem - Sub-ischial urethrostomy (opening urethra in the caudal end). Most common - Permanent or non-permanent Cystotomy in valuable breeding rams - Tube cystotomy to allow for urethral rest and resolution, then removal at day 10
39
How can Urolithiasis be prevented in sheep?
- Dont castrate unnecessarily - Correct ration formulation (lower Mg and correct Ca:P ratio) - supply good quality hay/ roughage - NaCl supplementation: stimulates water consumption - Provide clean, fresh, unfrozen water - Dont feed ewe nuts (high in Mg) to young rams
40
What is the cause of balano-posthitis (aka Pizzle Rot)?
- C. renale infection (Urease enzyme activity converts Urea to NH3 which has a caustic effect) - High protein pasture
41
How can balano-posthitis be diagnosed in male sheep/ clinical signs?
- Swollen, edematous prepuce - Difficulty urinating - Strong ammonia smell - Prone to myiasis (fly strike)
42
What is the treatment for balano-posthitis in male sheep?
- IM Penicillin for 5+ days - Topical antiseptics - Reduce protein intake - Oral ammonium chloride (urinary acidifier)
43
What is the cause of Ulcerative balanitis/ vaginitis?
- Ureaplasma spp
44
What are the clinical signs associated with Ulcerative balanitis/ vaginitis ?
- Swollen, edematous prepuce/ vagina - Difficulty urinating - Ulcers on the penis/ vagina - +/- discharge
45
What is the treatment for Ulcerative balanitis/ vaginitis ?
- Long acting oxytetracyclines and topical antiseptics

Clinical Urology (8 decks)

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