Urinary/Upper GI

Question 0

What have renal corpuscles located in the cortex next to the corticalmedullary junction and their glomeruli empty into vasa recta consisting of long, straight arterioles and venules that run parallel to the loops of Henle and collecting ducts?

Answer 0

Juxtamedullary nephrons

Question 1

What are cortical nephrons and where are they located?

Answer 1

In the renal cortex and have short loops of Henle that do not extend deeply into the medulla

Question 2

What have long loops of Henle that extend deeply into the medulla?

Answer 2

Juxtamedullary nephrons

Question 3

What forms the parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule?

Answer 3

Simple squamous epithelium

Question 4

What do mesangial cells play a role in?

Answer 4

Phagocytosis, mechanical support, synthesis of matrix and collagen, and regulation of blood flow

Question 5

What does the juxtaglomerular apparatus consists of?

Answer 5

Macula densa, extraglomerular mesangial cells and juxtaglomerular cells

Question 6

The macula densa signals renin to release from where?

Answer 6

Juxtaglomerular cells

Question 7

Describe the proximal convuluted tubule

Answer 7

Formed by a simple cuboidal epithelium made up of truncated pyramidal-shaped cells with basal striations marking the location of mitochondria

Question 8

What are thick segments of the loop of Henle made up of?

Answer 8

Low Cuboidal cells

Question 9

What are thin segments of the loop of Henle made up of?

Answer 9

Squamous cells

Question 10

What is the Distal convoluted tubule made up of?

Answer 10

Simple cuboidal epithelium with smaller cells and broader lumen than the proximal convoluted tubule

Question 11

Which convoluted tubule has the broader lumen?

Answer 11

Distal convoluted tubule

Question 12

What convoluted tubule lacks a brush border?

Answer 12

Distal convoluted tubule

Question 13

What does the collecting duct consists of?

Answer 13

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Question 14

What are the two types of specialized cells in the collecting duct?

Answer 14

Principal cells and intercalated cells

Question 15

What are the roles of principal cells?

Answer 15

Reabsorb sodium ions and secrete potassium ions

Question 16

What are the roles of intercalated cells?

Answer 16

Secrete either hydrogen or bicarbonate ions

Question 17

What does the gut tract epithelium consists of?

Answer 17

Stratified, non-keratinized squamous epithelium at either end (esophagus and anal calan) and simple columnar mucosa along the rest of its length

Question 18

What type of muscle can be found at either end and of the gut tract epithelium?

Answer 18

Skeletal muscle

Question 19

What type of muscle can be found along most of the gut tract length?

Answer 19

Smooth muscle

Question 20

What does ectoderm give rise to?

Answer 20

Enamel organ

Question 21

What does the neural crest form?

Answer 21

Dental papilla

Question 22

What does dental papilla form?

Answer 22

Dentin, cementum, and pulp

Question 23

What are unique to enamel?

Answer 23

Amelogenins and enamelins

Question 24

How many types of papillae does the tongue have?

Answer 24

Four

Question 25

What papillae lacks taste buds?

Answer 25

Filiform papillae

Question 26

What cells do taste buds have?

Answer 26

Sustentacular cells and taste cells

Question 27

What doe taste cells have?

Answer 27

Microvilli with taste receptors and release neurotransmitters from their basal membranes

Question 28

What are von Ebner's glands?

Answer 28

Serous glands associated with the circumvallate papillae

Question 29

Layers of the gut tube from inside to outside include?

Answer 29

mucosa, submucosa, external muscle layer and serosa (adventitia)

Question 30

What does the mucosa include?

Answer 30

Simple columnar epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularies interna

Question 31

The external muscle layer is made up of what?

Answer 31

An inner layer of circular smooth muscle and an outer layer of longitudinal muscle

Question 32

The submucosal plexus (meissner's plexus) is located where?

Answer 32

Its a nerve plexus located between the submucosa and the circular muscle layer of the muscularies externa

Question 33

What is the myenteric plexus (of Auerbach)?

Answer 33

Nerve plexus located between the two layers of the musclularis externa

Question 34

The cardiac and pyloric regions of the stomach contain mostly what?

Answer 34

Mucous glands

Question 35

The fundic and body regions of the stomach contain what?

Answer 35

Gastric glands

Question 36

What are gastric glands?

Answer 36

Long tubular glands extending down to the muscularies mucosae. Composed of mucous neck cells, parietal cells, chief cells, stepm cells, and enteroendocrine cells

Question 37

what are parietal cell?

Answer 37

They are the unique cells of the gastric gland. Large pyramidal shaped, eosinophilic cell that produces HCL and gastric intrinsic factor Generates hydrogen ion from carbonic acid and is characterized by prominent intracellular canaliculi lined by microvilli

Question 38

What de chief cell secretes?

Answer 38

Pepsinogen