Urine

Question 2

Kidneys, a major () organ, maintain the body’s internal environment by:
-Regulating total () volume and total () concentration in water
-Regulating ion concentrations in () fluid (ECF)
-Ensuring long-term (/) balance
-Excreting metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs
Producing () (RBC production) & () (blood pressure)

Answer 2

excretory
water,solute
extracellular
acid-base
erythropoietin
renin

Question 3

Kidneys are part of the () system, which also includes:
(): transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder
() (): temporary storage reservoir for urine
(): transports urine out of body

Answer 3

urinary
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra

Question 4

Clinical-
Upper parts of both kidneys are protected by () cage
Lower parts of kidneys are susceptible to blunt trauma,
Especially right kidney
Ex: falls, motor vehicle accidents, or contact sports injuries
() (blood in urine) is an important sign of such trauma

Answer 4

thoracic
Hematuria

Question 5

Internal kidney has three distinct regions
Renal (): superficial region
Renal (): deep to cortex, composed of cone-shaped medullary (renal) pyramids
Renal (): continuous w/ ureter
() calyces
Cup-shaped areas that () urine drainingfrom pyramids
() calyces
Collect urine from () calyces
() urine into renal pelvis

Answer 5

cortex
medulla
pelvis
Minor,collect
Major,
minor
Empty

Question 6

Urine flow: hint ( 5 steps)

Answer 6

Renal pyramid ->minor calyx ->major calyx ->renal pelvis -> ureter

Question 7

()
Infection or inflammation of entire kidney
*Infections in females are usually caused by
() bacteria entering urinary tract
*Untreated UTI ()
-Severe cases can cause swelling of kidney and abscess formation, and () may fill renal pelvis
-If left untreated, kidney damage may result
-Normally is successfully treated with antibiotics

Answer 7

Pyelonephritis
fecal
E.coli
pus

Question 8

() are the structural and functional units that form urine
> 1 million per kidney
Two main parts
Renal ()
Renal ()

Answer 8

Nephrons
corpuscle
tubule

Question 9

Two parts of renal corpuscle
()
Tuft of capillaries
Highly porous
Allows for efficient () formation
(): plasma-derived fluid that renal tubules process to form urine

(/)
Also called () capsule: cup-shaped, hollow structure surrounding glomerulus

Answer 9

Glomerulus,filtrate
Glomerular capsule
Bowman’s

Question 10

Renal () is about 1.2 in. long
Three major parts
(/,/)
Closest to renal corpuscle
() loop
Ascending & Descending limbs
(/,/)
Farthest from renal corpuscle
-Distal convoluted tubule drains into (/)

Answer 10

tubule
Proximal convoluted tubule
Nephron
Distal convoluted tubule
collecting duct

Question 11

Each nephron has one(/)

-Involves modified portions of:
Distal Convoluted Tubule
-Contains Macula Densa
-Controls the () (NaCl) content of blood/urine
Afferent arteriole
Juxtaglomerular cells produce ()

Important in regulating rate of() formation and bloodpressure

Answer 11

juxtaglomerular apparatus
salt
Renin,filtrate

Question 12

Three processes are involved in urine formation and adjustment of blood composition:
() filtration: produces filtrate void ofcells and proteins

Tubular (): selectively returns 99%of substances from filtrate to blood

Tubular (): selectively moves substances from () to filtrate
Substance excreted into urine

Answer 12

Glomerular
reabsorption
secretion,blood

Question 13

(/) is a passive process
() pressure forces fluids and solutes through filtration membrane into glomerular capsule
-Water, glucose, amino acids, nitrogenous wastes are filtered

-() & () cannot pass through (normally)
Proteins remain in blood to maintain () pressure
Whole cells (ex: RBCs) too big to slip through glomerular capillaries filter

Answer 13

Glomerular filtration
Hydrostatic
Proteins,Cells
osmotic

Question 14

GFR = volume of filtrate formed per minute by both kidneys (normal = {_} ml/min)
GFR is directly proportional to:
-(/,/) (NFP)
Primary pressure is (/_pressure
-(/,/) available for filtration
-Filtration (/)
Much more permeable than other capillaries

Answer 14

120–125
Net filtration pressure
glomerular hydrostatic
Total surface area
membrane permeability

Question 15

(): abnormally low urinary output (less than 50 ml/day)
May indicate that () blood pressure is too low to cause ()
Renal failure and anuria can also result from situations in which () stop functioning
Example: acute nephritis, transfusion reactions

Answer 15

Anuria
glomerular
filtration
nephrons

Question 16

Tubular reabsorption of sodium
() transport across the membrane
()+ is most abundant cation in filtrate
()+-K+ ATPase pumps ()+ into interstitial space
()+ is then swept by bulk flow into () capillaries

Answer 16

Sodium
Na,Na
peritubular

Question 17

Transport () (Tm) exists for almost every reabsorbed substance
When carriers for a solute are saturated, excess is excreted in ()
Example: () leads to high blood glucose levels that exceed Tm, and glucose spills over into urine

Answer 17

maximum
urine
hyperglycemia

Question 18

(/) tubule
Site of most ()
All nutrients, such as glucose and amino acids, are reabsorbed
65% of Na+ and water reabsorbed
Many ions
Almost all uric acid
About half of urea (later secreted back into filtrate)

Answer 18

Proximal convoluted
reabsorption

Question 19

(/)
() limb: H2O can return to blood, () cannot
() limb: H2O stays, solutes diffuse out and () to blood

Answer 19

Nephron loop
Descending, solutes
Ascending,return

Question 20

(/)tubule and collecting duct
() is hormonally regulated in these areas
(/) (ADH)
-Released by () pituitary gland
-Causes collecting ducts to insert () in membranes, increasing water ()
Increased ADH levels cause an increase in water reabsorption

Answer 20

Distal convoluted
Reabsorption
Antidiuretic hormone,posterior
aquaporins
reabsorption

Question 21

()
Targets collecting ducts and DCT
Promotes synthesis of Na+ and K+ channels, and Na+−K+ ATPases for Na+ reabsorption (water follows)
As a result, little Na+ leaves body
Without aldosterone, daily loss of filtered Na+ would be 2%, which is incompatible with life
Functions: increase (/)and decrease K+ levels

Answer 21

Aldosterone
blood pressure

Question 22

(/)peptide
Reduces blood ()+, resulting in decreased blood volume and blood pressure
Released by cardiac atrial cells if blood volume or pressure elevated

() hormone
Acts on () to increase ()+ reabsorption

Answer 22

Atrial natriuretic
Na
Parathyroid
DCT
Ca2

Question 23

-Tubular () is reabsorption in ()
-Occurs almost completely in ()
Selected substances are moved from () capillaries into filtrate
K+, H+, (), (), organic acids and bases

Answer 23

secretion,reverse
PCT
peritublar
NH4+
creatinine