Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Urinalysis > Urine > Flashcards

Urine Flashcards

(115 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Principle constituents of urine

A

Water
Urea
Uric acid
Creatinine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Functions of kidney

A

Regulate water and inorganic ion balance
Remove metabolic waste products from blood
Remove foreign chemicals from blood
Secrete hormones
Gluconeogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Hormones secreted from kidney

A

Erythropoietin, controls RBC production
Renin, controls angiotensin release
1,25 Dihydroxyvitamin D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Functional unit of kidney

A

Nephron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Capillary network of nephron

A

Glomerulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Parts of tubule system

A

Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of henle
Distal convoluted tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Glomurulus filters what from blood

A 
Water
Glucose 
Salt 
Urea 
Creatinine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

80% of glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed where?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Concentrating segment of loop of henle

A

Descending loop, absorbs water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Diluting portion of loop of henle

A

Ascending loop active absorption of Na, Cl, Mg, Ca

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Main functions of distal convoluted tubule

A

Maintain water/electrolyte balance by final reabsorption of sodium
Maintain acid-base balance by removing excess acid from body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

ADH

A

Makes distal tubule and collecting tubule walls permeable to water in order to conserve it, increasing osmolality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Renal disease that are most often immunologically mediated

A

Glomerular diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Decreased urine output

A

Oliguria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Important finding in glomerular inflammation

A

RBC casts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Syndrome characterized by increased glomerular membrane permeability

A

Nephrotic syndrome, permeability results in massive proteinuria and excretion of fat bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Renal disease most likely due to toxic or infectious agents

A

Tubular disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Disorder caused by defective secretion of H+ ions by renal tubules in presence of normal/near normal GFR

A

Renal tubular acidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Type 1 RTA

A

Distal type
Problem occurs in collecting ducts
Calcium carbonate drawn from bones in attempt to act as buffer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Type 2 RTA

A

Proximal type

Reduced bicarbonate reabsorption in proximal tubule, depletes bicarbonate content in blood and tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Group of inherited renal diseases

A

Fanconi syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Renal disorder that effects tubules, interstitium, and renal pelvis

A

Pyelonephritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Acute pyelonephritis

A

Sudden onset, flank pain, fever, malaise, WBCs and WBC casts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Pyuria

A

WBCs in urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Chronic pyelonephritis
Chronic tubulointerstitial inflammation, renal scarring | May be caused by chronic obstruction by lesions or chronic reflux of urine due to anatomical abnormality
26
Thrombosis of renal vein characteristics
Clot formation, massive proteinuria, nephrotic syndrome, increased pressure
27
Cystitis
Infection of bladder
28
Anuria
Absence of urine
29
Renal calculi
Kidney stones, passage produces renal colic and hematuria, calcium oxalate most common constituent
30
Renal colic
Severe back pain radiating to groin
31
Acute renal failure classes
Abrupt deterioration of renal function Prerenal occurs before blood reaches kidney Renal occurs in kidney Postrenal occurs after blood leaves kidney, usually due to obstruction
32
Chronic renal failure stages
Progressive loss of function, 1st decreased renal function, normal serum creatinine and BUN 2nd mild renal insufficiency 3rd frank renal failure with advancing anemia and acidosis 4th uremia, increased creatinine and BUN, acid base and electrolyte imbalance
33
Creatinine clearance formula
(Urine creatinine*total volume/1440)/serum creatinine
34
Normal creatinine value man/woman
Man: 107-139 Woman: 87-107
35
Advantages of creatinine clearance
Relatively constant amount produced endogenously Freely filtered at glomerulus Not reabsorbed in tubules
36
Disadvantages of creatinine clearance
Becomes increasingly inaccurate at lower filtration rates lower in females, elderly, small people because it is related to muscle mass
37
Correcting for body mass
(1.73/body mass) *GFR
38
Method of choice when precise GFR is required
Inulin clearance
39
Secretory function test of renal tubules reagent
Paraaminohippurate
40
Parts of nephron contained in cortex
Blood vessels Glomerulus Short loops of henle Proximal and distal convoluted tubules
41
Parts of nephron contained in medulla
Long loops of henle | Collecting ducts
42
Fixed specific gravity of ultrafiltrate
1.010
43
Function of renin
Splits angiotensinogen into angiotensin 1 and other proteins
44
Angiotensin 1 function
Split by angiotensin converting enzyme aka ACE to form angiotensin 2
45
Angiotensin 2 function
Hormone which causes constriction of muscle in small arteries increasing blood pressure, Triggers release of aldosterone from adrenal glands and ADH from pituitary
46
Aldosterone functions
Causes kidneys to retain salt and excrete potassium, salt causes water retention which increases blood volume and pressure
47
Changes in unpreserved urine
``` Color darkens, decreased clarity due to amorphous material or bacterial multiplication, Increased odor Increased pH Decreased glucose Decreased ketones, bilirubin, urobilinogen Increased nitrite Decreased RBC, WBC cells and casts Increased bacteria ```
48
Physical characteristics of urine reported on routine UA
Color Appearance (clarity) Specific gravity
49
Chief pigment in urine, other pigments?
Urochrome chief | Uroerythrin and urobilin
50
Amorphous material of alkaline urine
Phosphates and occasionally carbonates
51
Amorphous material in acidic urine composed of
Urates and uric acids
52
Components of normal urine which contribute most to specific gravity
Urea and sodium chloride
53
Normal range for specific gravity
1.003-1.030
54
Hyposthenuric
Specific gravity >1.007
55
Isosthenuric urine
1.010 | Caused by chronic renal disease where concentrating and diluting ability is lost
56
Hypersthenuric urine
SG >1.020 | Caused by proteinuria, dehydration or radiographic dyes
57
A urinometer must be corrected for what
Changes in temperature, | Presence of glucose and protein
58
Ammonia smell of urine indicates what
Bacterial growth
59
Sweet, fruity smelling urine incidents what
Presence of ketones
60
Polyuria
>2000 ml of urine produced in 24 hours | Caused by excessive fluid intake, diabetes mellitus, renal disease effecting concentration ability
61
Term for any increase in urine volume
Diuresis
62
Griess test associated with which test on urine test strip
Nitrite | Diazomium salt reaction
63
Ketones tested on urine test strip
Acetoacetic acid Acetone Beta hydroxybutyric acid also a ketone but not tested by test strip
64
Test associated with lactose
Rubner's test
65
Test for pentose
Bial orcinol test
66
Sucrose test
Thin layer chromatography
67
Constituents of normal protein excreted in urine
1/3 Tamm Horsfall glycoprotein 1/3 albumin Remaining portion small globulins
68
Bence Jones proteinuria associated with what disorders
Multiple myeloma, macroglobulinemia, | Malignant lymphoma
69
Heavy proteinuria
3-4 g/day | Seen in nephrotic syndrome
70
Moderate proteinuria
1-3 g/day | Seen in renal diseases glomerular in nature and multiple myeloma
71
Bilirubin
Breakdown product of hemoglobin
72
Type of bilirubin filtered by glomerulus
Conjugated/direct | Water soluble
73
Urobilinogen
Breakdown product of conjugated/direct bilirubin
74
Test associated with urobilinogen
Ehrlich
75
Hemolytic jaundice characteristics
Increased urobilinogen | No change in bilirubin
76
Hepatocellular jaundice characteristics
Increased urobilinogen and bilirubin
77
Obstructive jaundice characteristics
Decreased urobilinogen and increased bilirubin
78
Increased indican associated with what
Small bowel bacterial contamination or abnormalities of GI tract
79
Oval fat bodies
Renal tubular cells or macrophages with globules of accumulated fat
80
Concentrating and diluting ability is measured with what 2 tests
Osmolality | Specific gravity
81
Urinometer temperature correction
Every 3C above 20 add .001 to SG | Every 3C below 20 subtract .001 from SG
82
Urinometer correction for glucose or protein
Every 1g/dL of protein or glucose subtract .003 from SG
83
Tamm Horsfall protein aka
Uromodulin
84
RTA produces urine of what pH
Alkaline urine
85
Ketones occur from complete or incomplete breakdown of fat
Incomplete
86
Reasons for increased fat metabolism
Diabetes mellitus, Vomiting or diarrhea Starvation Dehydration
87
Glucose oxidase/peroxidase test used for what analyte
Glucose
88
Presence of what may mask positive reaction on glucose test strip
Ketones
89
Which sugar is not a reducing substance
Sucrose
90
Resorcinol used to test for what sugar
Fructose
91
Newborns screened for what reducing substance transferase deficiency at birth
Galactose, usually seen in people of middle eastern descent
92
Urine with black/brown appearance most likely due to
Melanin
93
Protein test strip sensitive only to what protein
Albumin
94
Error or pH indicators methodology used for what analyte
Proteins
95
Nitroprusside test used to test for which analyte
Ketones
96
Phenylketonuria characteristics
Seen in people of Scandinavian descent | Guthrie test used to test for
97
Presence of what in urine causes it to darken upon standing
Homogentisic acid oxidase
98
Fat globules seen in what disorder
Nephrotic syndrome | Severe renal disease
99
Watson Schwartz test used to test for what
Porphyrins
100
Confirmatory test porphyrins
Hoesch test
101
Sulkowitch test used for which analyte
Calcium
102
What disorder is suspected with more than 400 mg/24 calcium excreted in urine
Hyperparathyroidism
103
Type of cast associated with pyelonephritis
WBC
104
Hormone which controls Na/K pump
Aldosterone
105
6 sided crystal
Cysteine
106
Two non pathological crystals seen in acidic urine
Utica acid | Calcium oxalate
107
Non pathogenic crystals seen in alkaline urine
Triple phosphate urine | Ammonium biurate
108
Radiographic dye effect what specific gravity methodology
Refractometer | Doesn't effect urinometer or test strip
109
Confirmatory tests for protein in urine
Sulfosalicylic acid | Heat and acetic acid test
110
Rhabdomyelosis
Myoglobin released in urine
111
Indican presence indicative of what
Bacterial overgrowth
112
Test for urobilinogen
Ehrlichs aldehyde reaction
113
Accumulation of homogentistic acid called what
Alkaptonuria
114
Principle means of waste product excretion in man
Urination
114
Minimal proteinuria

Urinalysis (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions