Urine Collection & Analysis

Question 1

How is free flow sample best collected

Answer 1

Mid-flow

Question 2

Free flow advantages (4)

Answer 2

Non-traumatic
No iatrogenic element
Easy
Relatively sterile

Question 3

Fee flow disadvantages (3)

Answer 3

Can be awkward
Urethral contamination
Contamination from collection receptacle

Question 4

Advantages of manual expression (1)

Answer 4

Easy

Question 5

Disadvantages of manual expression (4)

Answer 5

Non-sterile
May cause discomfort
May cause bladder trauma/rupture
Must be sufficient urine in bladder

Question 6

Advantages of catheter collection (2)

Answer 6

Relatively sterile

Relatively easy

Question 7

Disadvantages of catheter collection (3)

Answer 7

Risk of iatrogenic trauma/infection
May require GA/sedation
Expertise req. to catheterise bitches

Question 8

How should cysto be carried out

Answer 8

Aseptic skin prep

20-22G needle

Question 9

Advantages of cysto collection (6)

Answer 9

Quick and easy
Sterile
Minimal pain
No urethral contamination
Iatrogenic trauma/infection uncommon

Question 10

Disadvantages of cysto collection (3)

Answer 10

Must be done by vet
Req. experience
May result in blood contamination

Question 11

Temp. Of samples for testing

Answer 11

Room temp.

Question 12

What may happen to sample in refrigerated overnight

Answer 12

Crystal formation

Question 13

How must urine not be stored

Answer 13

Frozen

Question 14

Why is boric acid container used

Answer 14

Bacteriology
Inhibits further growth
Preserves existing bacteria

Question 15

Why might urine have foul door

Answer 15

Excess protein

Question 16

What odour May result from ketonuria

Answer 16

Acetone

Question 17

What may cause abnormally viscous urine

Answer 17

Urinary tract inflammation

Question 18

Dark yellow-brown urine may indicate

Answer 18

Dehydration

Question 19

Green-yellow urine may indicate

Answer 19

Bilirubin oxidation

Question 20

Brown/red/black urine may indicate

Answer 20

Blood

Question 21

Abnormal turbidity May be due to… (9)

Answer 21

RBC/WBC
Crystals/casts
Epithelial cells
Bacteria/fungi
Prostate/vagina secretions

Question 22

Define specific gravity

Answer 22

Weight of known volume of fluid compared to same volume of distilled water

Estimation of concentrating ability of kidney

Question 23

Normal ranges of specific gravity

Answer 23

Dog - 1.015-1.045

Cat - 1.035-1.060

Question 24

Decrease in SG may be due to..

4

Answer 24

Polydipsia
IVFT
D.insipidus
CRF

Question 25

Increase in SG may be due to...(4)

Answer 25

Dehydration D.mellitus ARF Sediment

Question 26

Increase glucose level may be due to...(4)

Answer 26

Stress/excitement D.mellitus Hyperthyroidism Cushings

Question 27

Blood in urine may be due to...(3)

Answer 27

Infection Trauma Neoplasia

Question 28

How much bilirubin is normal in dogs and cats | What might increase indicate...(2)

Answer 28

Trace amounts normal in dogs, not cats Hepatic disease Haemolytic jaundice

Question 29

Presence of ketones May indicate (3)

Answer 29

D.mellitus (ketoacidosis) Starvation (cachexia) Hepatic damage

Question 30

How much protein normal in dogs and cats | What may increase indicate (3)

Answer 30

Trace amounts normal Renal failure Inflammatory disease Haemorrhage

Question 31

Define ph

Answer 31

Measure of number of free H+ ions in a solution | Higher number = low ph

Question 32

Normal ph ranges

Answer 32

Dog - 5-7 | Cat - 7-9

Question 33

Increase in ph may be due to...(4)

Answer 33

High fibre diet Alkalosis Urine retention UTI

Question 34

Decrease in ph may be due to...(4)

Answer 34

Starvation Fever Acidosis High protein diet

Question 35

Centrifuging of urine

Answer 35

1,500rpm for 5 mins

Question 36

Presence of crystals may indicate...(4)

Answer 36

Acidic urine Cystitis Haematuria Urolithiasis

Question 37

Cystine - urine ph - indicates (2)

Answer 37

Acidic/neutral Renal tubular dysfunction Defective amino acid absorption

Question 38

Calcium oxalate dihydrate - urine ph - indicates (2)

Answer 38

Acidic/neutral Acute renal failure Ethylene glycol poisoning

Question 39

Ammonium biurate - urine ph - indicates (2)

Answer 39

Acidic/neutral Liver damage Portosystemic shunts

Question 40

Struvite - urine ph - indicates (1)

Answer 40

Alkaline/neutral Urinary infection