Urogenital

Question 1

What are the three types of kidneys that develop during embryonic development?

Answer 1

Pronephric kidney, Mesonephric kidney, Metanephric kidney

Question 2

What anatomical structures comprise the urinary tract?

Answer 2

Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary bladder, Urethra

Question 3

What is the primary function of the urinary system?

Answer 3

Filtration of blood, production, storage, and elimination of urine

Question 4

What structures are included in the genital tract?

Answer 4

Penis, Clitoris, Vagina, Testes, Ovaries, Uterus

Question 5

What embryonic layer contributes to the formation of the bladder and urethra?

Answer 5

Lateral plate mesoderm

Question 6

From which mesoderm do the paired organs like the kidneys and gonads arise?

Answer 6

Intermediate mesoderm

Question 7

What is the role of the splanchnopleure in the development of the urogenital system?

Answer 7

Forms mesodermal derivatives of organs lined by endoderm: CT, smooth muscle, & blood vessels

Question 8

What is the sequence of kidney development during embryogenesis?

Answer 8

Pronephros > Mesonephros > Metanephros

Question 9

What is the fate of the pronephros during development?

Answer 9

It is a rudimentary and nonfunctional structure that regresses completely

Question 10

When does the mesonephros function as an excretory organ?

Answer 10

During early embryonic development while the metanephros begins to develop

Question 11

What characterizes the mesonephric kidneys?

Answer 11

Excretory tubules that form an S-shaped loop with a glomerulus and capsule

Question 12

What is the definitive kidney known as?

Answer 12

Metanephric kidney

Question 13

What initiates the formation of the metanephric kidney?

Answer 13

Inductive interactions between the ureteric bud and metanephric blastema

Question 14

What does the ureteric bud develop into?

Answer 14

Urine collecting system: collecting ducts, calyces, renal pelvis, and ureter

Question 15

When does urine production begin in the metanephric kidney?

Answer 15

In the 10th week of gestation

Question 16

Fill in the blank: The _______ is the first kidney that develops during embryogenesis.

Answer 16

Pronephric kidney

Question 17

True or False: The mesonephric duct persists in both males and females.

Answer 17

False

Question 18

What is the role of the metanephric blastema in kidney development?

Answer 18

Induces the ureteric bud to branch and form nephrons

Question 19

What structures are formed from the metanephric mesenchyme?

Answer 19

Glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule

Question 20

What are the major components of the urinary collecting system formed by the ureteric bud?

Answer 20

Collecting ducts, renal calyces, renal pelvis

Question 21

What is the embryonic origin of the kidneys?

Answer 21

Intermediate mesoderm

Question 22

What is the significance of the nephrotomes during kidney development?

Answer 22

They segment the intermediate mesoderm to aid in kidney formation

Question 23

Fill in the blank: The _______ is the second kidney that appears during development.

Answer 23

Mesonephric kidney

Question 24

What are the two primary structures that exert reciprocal inductive effects on each other during kidney development?

Answer 24

Ureteric bud and metanephric blastema

The ureteric bud induces the metanephric mesenchyme to form nephrons, while the metanephric blastema induces the ureteric bud to elongate and branch.

Question 25

What does the metanephric mesenchyme form?

Answer 25

* Glomerulus * Proximal convoluted tubule * Nephron loop (loop of Henle) * Distal convoluted tubule ## Footnote These components are part of the excretory system of the kidney.

Question 26

What structures are formed by the ureteric bud?

Answer 26

* Collecting ducts * Renal calyces * Renal pelvis * Ureter ## Footnote These structures comprise the urine collecting system.

Question 27

When does urine production by the metanephric kidney begin?

Answer 27

In the 10th week of gestation

Question 28

What is the sequence of development for the collecting elements formed by the ureteric bud?

Answer 28

* Collecting ducts * Renal calyces * Renal pelvis ## Footnote The collecting elements form first between weeks 5 and 7.

Question 29

What are the three parts of the urogenital sinus?

Answer 29

* Vesical part * Pelvic (urethral) part * Phallic part ## Footnote These parts contribute to the formation of the bladder and urethra.

Question 30

What does the vesical part of the urogenital sinus form?

Answer 30

Most of the bladder ## Footnote It is continuous with the allantois.

Question 31

What does the pelvic (urethral) part of the urogenital sinus become in males and females?

Answer 31

* Males: prostatic part of the urethra * Females: entire urethra

Question 32

What forms the epithelial lining of the bladder and most of the urethra?

Answer 32

Endoderm of the urogenital sinus

Question 33

What is the origin of the connective tissue and smooth muscle of the urethra?

Answer 33

Splanchnic mesoderm

Question 34

What is the final position of the kidneys after their ascent during development?

Answer 34

In the cranial portion of the abdominal cavity

Question 35

What happens to the renal arteries as the kidneys migrate?

Answer 35

Several renal arteries supply the kidney in sequence, with the first renal arteries degenerating as new ones form cranial to them.

Question 36

What structure is formed by the degeneration of the mesonephric kidneys?

Answer 36

The kidneys relocate to the abdomen

Question 37

What do the lateral branches of the dorsal aorta supply?

Answer 37

* Suprarenal (adrenal) arteries * Renal arteries * Gonadal arteries ## Footnote These branches vascularize organs derived from intermediate mesoderm.

Question 38

What is the significance of the urachus in relation to the bladder?

Answer 38

It becomes the median umbilical ligament in adults

Question 39

What are the components of the inferior vena cava formed from?

Answer 39

* R supra- and subcardinal veins * Liver veins * Hemiazygos vein ## Footnote These components come from various vein systems during development.

Question 40

True or False: The pronephros and mesonephros are functional kidneys in humans.

Answer 40

False ## Footnote They are vestigial structures that regress by the time the metanephros is well developed.

Question 41

Fill in the blank: The metanephros develops from an outgrowth of the distal end of the nephric duct known as the _______.

Answer 41

ureteric bud

Question 42

What is the role of the metanephric cap?

Answer 42

It forms the excretory elements (nephrons)

Question 43

What is the origin of glomerular capillaries?

Answer 43

Lateral plate mesoderm

Question 44

What is the process of ureteric branching morphogenesis?

Answer 44

Multiple branches form from the margins of the ureteric bud to develop calyces and collecting ducts.

Question 45

What part of the bladder is derived from the caudal ends of the mesonephric ducts?

Answer 45

Trigone of the bladder

Question 46

True or False: The distal part of the urethra in the glans penis is derived from ectodermal cells.

Answer 46

True

Question 47

What is the consequence of a kidney failing to ascend?

Answer 47

Pelvic kidney ## Footnote A pelvic kidney occurs when a kidney does not move to its normal position during development.

Question 48

What results from the fusion of the inferior poles of the kidneys before ascent?

Answer 48

Horseshoe kidney ## Footnote This condition prevents the kidneys from reaching their normal position due to entrapment by the inferior mesenteric artery.

Question 49

How are fetal kidneys structured during development?

Answer 49

Subdivided into lobes ## Footnote These lobes disappear during infancy as the nephrons grow in size.

Question 50

By which week is nephron formation considered complete?

Answer 50

Week 36 ## Footnote Each kidney contains between 200,000 and 2 million nephrons.

Question 51

What occurs to kidney function after birth?

Answer 51

Functional maturation ## Footnote Newborn kidneys are immature and cannot concentrate urine effectively.

Question 52

What does the placenta primarily do regarding waste?

Answer 52

Removes most wastes ## Footnote The fetal kidney performs some blood filtering and processes dilute urine excreted into amniotic fluid.

Question 53

What are the origins of the adrenal cortex and medulla?

Answer 53

Cortex from mesenchyme; Medulla from neural crest cells ## Footnote The adrenal cortex develops from the urogenital ridge, while the medulla originates from neural crest cells.

Question 54

When do neural crest cells migrate into the intermediate mesoderm?

Answer 54

Week 6 ## Footnote They become surrounded by intermediate mesodermal cells.

Question 55

What happens to the fetal cortex after birth?

Answer 55

Regresses ## Footnote The definitive cortex differentiates later in fetal life and is not fully formed until the age of 3.

Question 56

What do medulla cells differentiate into?

Answer 56

Endocrine cells ## Footnote These cells become innervated by preganglionic sympathetic neurons and release catecholamines.