UROGENITAL SYSTEM ABNORMALIES

Question 1

most common renal anomaly is

Answer 1

the most common renal anomaly is the duplex collecting system, also referred to as a duplicated or double collecting system. In this variant, the kidney is composed of two separate collecting duplex collecting system,

divided into what is termed an upper pole moiety and a lower pole moiety.

Question 2

urachus

Answer 2

the bladder is continuous with the allantois, although eventually this channel closes and develops into a fibrous cord referred to as the. urachus

Question 3

VACTERL ASSOCIATION

Answer 3

vertebral anomalies, anal atresia, cardiac anomalies, tracheoesophageal fistula or esophageal atresia, renal anomalies, and limb anomalies

Question 4

most frequent cause of oligohydramnios.

Answer 4

SOUND OFF
Renal abnormalities are the most frequent cause of oligohydramnios. Therefore, if oligohydramnios is discovered, a thorough analysis of the fetal urinary tract is warranted.

Question 5

if a normal amount of fluid is noted during a sonogram, one can assume that there is

Answer 5

if a normal amount of fluid is noted during a sonogram, one can assume that there is at least one functioning fetal kidney present.

Question 6

lying down sign

Answer 6

The “lying down” adrenal sign is associated with renal agenesis.

Question 7

Features of Potter syndrome

Answer 7

Bilateral renal agenesis
Abnormal facial features (Potter facies) Pulmonary hypoplasia
Limb abnormalities
Intrauterine growth restriction

Question 8

Fetal Renal Cystic Disease

Answer 8

autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD), autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK) disease, and obstructive cystic dysplasia.

Question 9

The typical sonographic findings of a fetus affected by ARPKD

Answer 9

bilateral, enlarged, echogenic kidneys, nondetectable urinary bladder, and oligohydramnios

Question 10

One condition associated with ARPKD

Answer 10

Meckel–Gruber syndrome, which is a fatal disorder that includes renal cystic disease, occipital encephalocele, and polydactyly

Question 11

SONOGRAPHIC FINDINGS OF AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT (ADULT) POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE

Answer 11

Normal-appearing or bilateral, enlarged echogenic kidneys
2. Visible urinary bladder
3. Normal amniotic fluid volume
4. Cysts do not manifest until approximately the fifth decade of life

Question 12

SONOGRAPHIC FINDINGS OF BILATERAL MULTICYSTIC

Answer 12

Bilateral, smooth-walled, noncommunicating cysts of varying sizes located within the renal fossae
2. Absent urinary bladder 3. Oligohydramnios

Question 13

SONOGRAPHIC FINDINGS OF UNILATERAL MULTICYSTIC DYSPLASTIC RENAL DISEASE

Answer 13

Unilateral, smooth-walled, noncommunicating cysts of varying sizes located within the renal fossa
2. Compensatory hypertrophy of the contralateral kidney
3. Visible urinary bladder
4. Normal amniotic fluid volume

Question 14

SONOGRAPHIC FINDINGS OF BILATERAL OBSTRUCTIVE CYSTIC DYSPLASIA

Answer 14

Small, echogenic kidneys
2. Peripheral renal cysts
3. Bilateral hydronephrosis
4. Thick-walled urinary bladder 5. Oligohydramnios

Question 15

Lead to bilateral obstructive cystic

Answer 15

ureterocele, or a severe bladder outlet obstruction, early in gestation, to bilateral obstructive cystic dysplasia, in which case oligohydramnios will be present

Question 16

Unilateral obstructive cystic dysplasia is most often caused

Answer 16

obstructive cystic dysplasia is most often caused by a pelviureteral junction or vesicoureteral junction obstruction

Question 17

Renal pelvis diameter measurements indicative of fetal hydronephrosis

Answer 17

Before 20 weeks After 20 weeks
Renal Pelvis Diameter Measurement
≥7 mm (borderline between 4 and 6 mm) ≥10 mm (borderline between 5 and 9 mm)
29-2

Question 18

SONOGRAPHIC FINDINGS OF URETEROPELVIC JUNCTION

Answer 18

Hydronephrosis (dilated renal pelvis and calices) 2. Normal ureters (nonvisualization)
3. Normal bladder

Question 19

SONOGRAPHIC FINDINGS OF POSTERIOR URETHRAL VALVES

Answer 19

. “Keyhole” sign (dilated bladder and urethra)
2. Bilateral hydroureter
3. Bilateral hydronephrosis
4. Oligohydramnios
5. Thickened bladder wall

Question 20

SONOGRAPHIC FINDINGS OF PRUNE BELLY SYNDROME

Answer 20

. Dilated bladder and possibly urethra (“keyhole” sign)
2. Absent abdominal musculature
3. Undescended testis
4. Urinary tract abnormalities (megacystis and hydronephrosis

Question 21

SONOGRAPHIC FINDINGS OF URETEROVESICULAR JUNCTION OBSTRUCTION

Answer 21

. Hydronephrosis
2. Dilated ureter
3. Normal bladder
4. Normal amniotic fluid (if unilateral)

Question 22

SONOGRAPHIC FINDINGS OF BLADDER EXSTROPHY

Answer 22

Lower abdominal wall mass inferior to the umbilicus
2. Absent urinary bladder
3. Normal kidneys

Question 23

cloacal exstrophy,

Answer 23

OEIS complex stands for omphalocele, bladder exstrophy, imperforate anus, and spina bifida

Question 24

SONOGRAPHIC FINDINGS OF THE MESOBLASTIC NEPHROMA

Answer 24

Solid, homogeneous mass within the renal fossa and may completely replace the kidney.

The most common solid fetal renal mass is the mesoblastic nephroma.

Question 25

abnormal external genitalia in the male and female

Answer 25

micropenis, hypospadias, and undescended testicles. Fetal hydrocele female finding is clitoromegaly. Fetal ovarian cysts may be noted in the fetal pelvis, secondary to maternal hormone stimulation

Question 26

What is the most common fetal abnormality noted during an obstetric sonogram?

Answer 26

Spina bifida c. Cleft lip ***d. Hydronephrosis ,,,,,!,,,,,,,,

Question 27

What is the most common cause of hydronephrosis in the neonate and the most common form of fetal renal obstruction?

Answer 27

. UVJ obstruction ***b. UPJ obstruction c. Vesicoureteral reflux

Question 28

Another name for pelvocaliectasis is: a. Caliectasis b. Hydrocele c. Hydronephrosis

Answer 28

C

Question 29

OEIS complex is also referred to as: a. Bladder exstrophy b. Omphalocele c. Potter syndrome d. Cloacal exstrophy

Answer 29

D

Question 30

Hydronephrosis

Answer 30

Urinary tract obstruction SONOGRAPHIC FINDINGS Pelviectasis $10 mm Ratio of the renal pelvis diameter to the anterior–posterior renal diameter .50% Prominent renal pelvis Renal cyst اشتباه بشه

Question 31

Bladder out let obstruction

Answer 31

___________________ outlet obstruction is produced by a membrane within the posterior urethra; the bladder wall is severely thickened with a dilated posterior urethra, the “___________________ sign.”

Question 32

Potters syndrome

Answer 32

___________________ syndrome is characterized by renal agenesis, oligohydramnios, pulmonary hypoplasia, abnormal facies, and malformed hands and feet.

Question 33

Multicystic kidney

Answer 33

The ___________________ kidney shows a large central cyst with multiple small peripheral cysts that appear as a pelviureteric junction obstruction; however, these cysts do not communicate with one another, as is seen with hydronephrosis.

Question 34

Dilatation of the renal collecting system suggests either ___________________ or ___________________. 12. Pelviureteric junction obstruction shows dilatation of the renal ___________________, whereas ureteric dilatation suggests either a ___________________ junction obstruction or reflux.

Answer 34

Hydronephrosis or reflux 12- pelvic Vesicouretric

Question 35

The urinary system and the genital system develop from the intermediate ___________________, and the excretory ducts of both systems initially enter a common cavity called the cloaca. 3. The part of the urogenital ridge that gives rise to the urinary system is known as the nephrogenic cord or ___________________ ridge. 4. The part that gives rise to the genital system is known as the gonadal ridge or ___________________ ridge. 5. The permanent kidneys or ___________________ begins to develop early in the 5th week while the mesonephric ducts are still developing.

Answer 35

Mesoderm Nephrogenic Genital ridge Metanephron