Urolithiasis

Question 1

Which of the following is false.

A. Crystalluria does NOT always mean urolithiasis.
B. Crystalluria does mean urine has been supersaturated.
C. Crystals may form in stored urine.
D. Normal history for animal with urolithiasis is straining to pee, peeing frequently, pain associated with peeing, blood in pee.

Answer 1

They’re all true!

Question 2

T/F It is better to do a cystOTOMY on a male dog instead of a cystoSCOPY.

Answer 2

Dats true

Question 3

For voiding urohydropropulsion, what is the maximum urolith size for male and female cats?

Answer 3

male cats

Question 4

For voiding urohydropropulsion, what is the maximum urolith size for male and female dogs?

Answer 4

male dog

Question 5

What is the most common crystal?

Struvite
Calcium oxalate
Cystine
Urate
Silicate
Mixed/compound

Answer 5

Calcium oxalate!

Question 6

What’s another name for Struvites?

Answer 6

Magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate

Question 7

What part of the urinary tract do struvites mainly occur in?

Answer 7

mainly lower urinary tract

Question 8

T/F Struvites are commonly related to UTIs in dogs.

Answer 8

True

Question 9

What kind of bacteria are associated with struvite formation?

Answer 9

urease producing bacteria (NH3)

Question 10

What kind of pH do struvite crystals form in?

Answer 10

high urine pH . . . basic af

Question 11

What breeds of dogs are prone to struvite development?

Answer 11

1. Schnauzer
2. Shih zhu
3. Bichons
4. miniature Poodles
5. Cocker Spaniels
6. Lhasa Apso

Question 12

What do struvites look like?

Answer 12

Big, smooth, radio dense but not as dense as CaOx

Question 13

How do we tx struvites?

Answer 13

Dietary! Don’t need sx.
Infection: antimicrobials during calculolytic diets
Hills s/d for avg time of 3 mos

Question 14

What diets prevent struvite formation?

Answer 14

Hills c/d and Walthams S/O

Question 15

What is the risk of we need to be aware of with regards to putting animals on struvite preventative diets?

Answer 15

we can induce CaOx calculi

Question 16

What species and sex are CaOx more common in?

Answer 16

male dogs

Question 17

What are some predispositions for CaOx formation?

Answer 17

1. acidifying diets
2. obesity
3. male dogs
4. hypercalciuria
5. breeds

Question 18

What do CaOx look like?!

Answer 18

Spiny, rarely cause obstruction, very radio dense given their size

Question 19

How do we tx CaOx?

Answer 19

1. Therapy for hypercalcemia

2. Have to be surgically removed, lithotripsy, cytoscopy

Question 20

How do we prevent CaOx formation?

Answer 20

1. Diet PLUS water: Hills u/d (contains potassium citrate); Walthams S/O
2. Thiazide diuretics -hydrochlorothiazide
3. Potassium citrate
4. Avoid vitamins C & D!

Question 21

If an animal has hepatic disease, what crystals should we be worried about?

Answer 21

Ammonium urate crystals

Question 22

Why do ammonium irate and xanthine crystals form?

Answer 22

Form d/t genetic tubular defect; decreased uptake of uric acid from hepatocytes to form allantoin

Question 23

What breeds are predisposed to ammonium urate and xanthine crystal formation?

Answer 23

Dalmations & Black Russian Terrier

Question 24

What are some predisposing factors for development of ammonium urate and xanthine crystal formation?

Answer 24

dey love:

1. male dogs
2. lower urine pH

Question 25

Can we see ammonium irate or xanthine crystals on radiographs?

Answer 25

Nah! They're radiolucent!

Question 26

What diet should we prescribe for urate therapy?

Answer 26

Dissolution Diet - low protein (u/d) - increased pH - potassium citrate - sodium bicarbonate

Question 27

What breed do we use xanthine oxidase inhibitors in?

Answer 27

Dalmations!

Question 28

How do xanthine oxidase inhibitors work?

Answer 28

Allopurinol, decreases uric acid production so makes environment more basic which is good shit because an acidic environment is what Ammonium urate crystals like. Use together with low purine diet to prevent xanthine urolithiasis

Question 29

What breeds are predisposed to Cystine calculi?

Answer 29

1. Australian cattle dogs 2. Dachschunds 3. Newfoundland 4. Bulldogs

Question 30

Why do Cystine calculi form?

Answer 30

Tubular carrier proteins to reabsorb cystine are defective

Question 31

How do we tx Cystine calculi?

Answer 31

alkalinize urine and low protein (u/d) diet but DCM risk in large breed dogs

Question 32

What drugs have the following risks when used to tx Cystine calculi? ``` Behavioral aggression Myopathy Anemia Proteinuria Thrombocytopenia Elevations in liver enzymes Dermatological changes ```

Answer 32

Thiol drugz

Question 33

Calcium phosphate uroliths are typically secondary to . . .

Answer 33

primary hyperparathyroidism

Question 34

What kinda diet is associated with Silica uroliths ?

Answer 34

Plant sources, poor diets rich in rice and soybean husks, cheap diets devoid of proper protein