Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Internal Medicine > Urology > Flashcards

Urology Flashcards

(62 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What GFR indicates kidney failure

A

< 15

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the number 1 cause of renal vascular disease

A

Diabetic kidney disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What in the labs, indicates an AKI

A

An abrupt or rapid decline in renal filtration
Elevated serum creatinine and decrease GFR
Azotemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is azotemia

A

rise in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What causes pre renal azotemia

A

perfusion (50%) – kidney working fine but the things that perfuse it aren’t

volume loss, heart failure, loss of peripheral vascular resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the most common cause of prerenal azotemia

A

Hypovolemia

*meds: ACE, ARB, NSAID, Contrast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What causes intrinsic kidney injury

A

Tumor lysis syndrome
Vasculitis (SLE, Sarcoidosis)
Crystals from gout
Myoglobin from rhabdomyolysis
Nephrotoxic drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are nephrotoxic drugs

A

aminoglycosides (gentamicin), cyclosporine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What do RBC casts indicate

A

glomerulonephritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do WBC casts indicate

A

Pyelonephritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do muddy brown casts indicate

A

ATN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do waxy casts indicate

A

CKD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do Hyaline casts indicate

A

Normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How do you treat an AKI

A

IV Fluids remove drugs if present and sometimes Lasix to get the kidneys moving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is generally the cause of post renal AKI

A

Obstructive issue –> most likely the prostate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What causes acute tubular necrosis

A

from kidney ischemia/toxins

*pre renal failure is most common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is seen with interstitial nephritis

A

WBC casts + eos + hematuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How do you diagnose interstitial nephritis

A

renal biopsy, discontinue offending drug, steroids, dialysis if needed, usually self-limiting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the common causes of glomerulonephritis

A

group A strep, IGA, anti-GBM, ANCA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the MC infectious cause of acute glomerulonephritis

A

post strep glomerulonephritis
- either from strep pharyngitis or strep skin infection (impetigo)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the gold standard for diagnosing CKD

A

measurement of GFR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How is CKD managed

A

Blood pressure control < 130/80, ACE or ARB, A1c 6.5-7.5%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How will someone in CKD typically present

A

hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and metabolic acidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

a 62-year-old man who presents to your office with a sudden onset of fever and rash. His review of systems is negative. He was recently started on omeprazole for acid reflux 14 days ago. Routine laboratory tests reveal a serum creatinine of 3.5 mg/dL and eosinophilia. Urine studies showed white blood cell casts. What is the likely diagnosis

A

Acute interstitial nephritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the 5 Ps that cause interstitial nephritis
Pee (diuretics) Pain (NSAIDs) Penicillin PPI RifamPin
26
What alpha blockers are used with BPH
Tamsulosin Terazosin
27
What does Finasteride do
Helps shrink the size of the prostate gland in those with BPH
28
What is a TURP and what is it used for
Transurethral resection of the prostate For those with refractory BPH
29
an 85-year-old man who comes to his primary care provider after a week of hematuria. He has not been ill lately and has had no complaints of pain on urination. A CT scan with contrast is ordered demonstrating a variable filling defect. What is the likely diagnosis
bladder cancer
30
What is the typical presentation of someone with bladder cancer
Cigarette smoker; presents with painless gross hematuria
31
What is the most common type of bladder cancer
transitional cell carcinoma
32
What is the gold standard for diagnosing bladder cancer
cystoscopy with Biopsy
33
How do you treat bladder cancer
surgery, biologics, and chemo
34
a 25-year-old male with a dull, achy scrotal pain that has been gradually increasing over the last several days. He also reports pain with urination. Physical exam reveals a swollen right testicle with substantial induration. Urinalysis reveals positive leukocyte esterase and 20 WBC/HPF. What is the likely diagnosis
Epididymitis
35
How is epididymitis acquired
by the retrograde spread of organisms through vas deferens
36
What are the risk factors for epididimytis
Men < 35: chlamydia/ gonorrhea Men > 35: E.coli
37
What are the common symptoms of epididymitis
Epididymitis is characterized by dysuria, unilateral dull aching scrotal pain that can radiate up the ipsilateral flank
38
What is prehn's sign
Prehn's sign = relief with elevation
39
How do you diagnose epididymitis
Urinalysis reveals pyuria and bacteriuria; cultures are positive for suspected organisms
40
How do you treat epididymitis
supportive If E.Coli: Levofloxacin or Bactrim STI: ceftriaxone + doxy *Refer sexual partner(s) for evaluation and treatment if contact within 60 days of the onset of symptoms
41
What is glomerulonephritis
Damage of renal glomeruli by deposition of inflammatory proteins in glomerular membranes as a result of immunologic response
42
What are the main causes of glomerulonephritis
hematuria, Henoch-Schonlein purpura, postinfectious GN, IgA nephropathy, hereditary nephritis
43
What is the general presentation of glomerulonephritis
- hematuria, urine = tea/cola-colored, - oliguria/anuria, - edema of face and eyes in the morning and of the feet/ankles at night; - HTN is common
44
How do you diagnose glomerulonephritis
hematuria, RBC casts, proteinuria, HTN, decreased GFR
45
How do you diagnose hypervolemia
Pulmonary artery catheter (Swan-Ganz) to measure CVP (definitive):
46
How do you treat hypervolemia
fluid restriction
47
What is the basic difference between nephritic and nephrotic syndrome
nephrotic syndrome involves the loss of a lot of protein, whereas nephritic syndrome involves the loss of a lot of blood
48
What are some causes of nephritic syndrome
infections, immune system disorders and inflammation of the blood vessels
49
How do you diagnose nephritic syndrome
high levels of BUN and creatinine and on urinalysis, there’s hematuria, proteinuria and RBC casts in the urine *A 24-hour protein collection is necessary to quantify how many proteins are lost through urine - proteinuria is generally under 3.5 grams per day
50
If glomerulonephritis is caused by strep, how do you treat it
Nifedipine instead of ACE/ARB
51
a 34-year-old male with hematuria and flank/abdominal pain. He denies any recent trauma. He reports a history of recurrent urinary tract infections, and his family history is significant for his mother who died of a “brain bleed” at age 42. Vital signs are significant for a blood pressure of 158/105 mmHg. On physical exam, there a late systolic crescendo murmur with a midsystolic click and tenderness upon palpation of the abdominal flanks. An ultrasound of the abdomen shows bilateral anechoic renal cysts with posterior enhancement. What is the likely diagnosis
Polycystic kidney disease
52
What are the common symptoms associated with polycystic kidney disease
high blood pressure, back or flank pain, and a swollen abdomen *associated with cerebral aneurysms
53
What is the diagnostic test of choice for polycystic kidney disease
ultrasound
54
Where is the most common area for prostate cancer to appear
peripheral zone
55
What is the normal prostate level
4 *if over 4--> BPH, cancer, or prostatitis
56
What is the age range for prostate cancer screening recommendation
55-69 *over 70 is contraindicated
57
a 32-year-old female presents with fever, chills, nausea and flank pain for 24 hours. She developed dysuria and urinary frequency 3 days prior and states that both have worsened. On physical exam, you note suprapubic abdominal pain and CVA tenderness. The urinalysis reveals white blood cell casts. What is the likely diagnosis
pyelonephritis
58
What are the common symptoms of pyelonephritis
Irritative voiding + fever + flank Pain + nausea and vomiting + CVA tenderness
59
What typically causes pyelonephritis
E. coli
60
Colicky flank pain radiating to the groin, hematuria, CVA tenderness, and nausea and vomiting. What is the likely diagnosis
Renal calculi
61
What should be avoided with a calcium oxalate stone in the kidney
*most common stone avoid grapefruit juice
62

Internal Medicine (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions