Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Finals passmed > Urology > Flashcards

Urology Flashcards

1
Q

What are hyaline casts?

A

Tamm-Horsfall protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When might you see Tamm-Horsfall protein in the urine?

A

After exercise, during fever or with loop diuretics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What medication can you give for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease?

A

Tolvaptan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why do you get hypocalcaemia in chronic kidney disease?

A

Kidneys cant activate vitamin D or excrete phosphate, calcium is converted to calcium phosphate, which causes hyperparathyroidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the first line management of symptomatic BPH?

A

Alpha-1 antagonists - like tamulosin (relaxed prostatic smooth muscle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What may cause raised PSA?

A

prostate cancer, BPH, prostatitis, UTI, ejaculation in last 48hrs, vigorous exercise in last 48hrs, urinary retention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the most common cancer to develop after a renal transplant?

A

squamous cell carcinoma (due to T-cell suppression)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the drugs that commonly cause acute interstitial nephritis?

A

penicillin, rifampicin, NSAIDs, allopurinol, furosemide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the features of membranous glomerulonephropathy/nephritis?

A
  • often associated with malignancy
  • causes a nephrotic syndrome
  • on microscopy: thickened basement membrane, with electron dense deposits
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the management of membranous glomerulonephropathy?

A
  • ACE-I or ARB
  • many spontaneously resolve
  • immunosuppression for severe cases: steroid + cyclophosphamide
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is henoch-schonlein purpura?

A

An IgA mediated small vessel vasculitis - affects the kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the features of Henoch-Schonlein purpura?

A

Palpable purpuric rash, over buttocks and extensor surfaces, abdominal pain, polyarthritis, IgA nephropathy - haematuria and renal failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the management of Henoch-Schonlein purpura?

A
  • analgesia for arthralgia
  • generally self limiting
  • measure blood pressure and urinalysis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the common signs and symptoms of renal cell cancers?

A

Haematuria, loin pain, abdominal mass, pyrexia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does CKD affect fracture risk?

A

CKD can mean no activation of vitamin D, so poor bone quality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which transporter do thiazide diuretics block?

A

Na-Cl in DCT - can cause hypercalcaemia and hypocalciuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the features of acute tubular necrosis?

A

^ urine sodium, low urine osmolality, normal urea:creatinine ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the management of renal stones > 20 mm?

A

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the management of minimal change disease?

A

Oral steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the features of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis?

A
  • nephrotic syndrome and CKS
    nephropathy in younger adults
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why does CKD cause a high phosphate?

A
  • low vit D activation in kidneys
  • kidneys usually excrete phosphate but are not working so phosphate is high
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How does compartment syndrome cause AKI?

A

compartment syndrome leads to rhabdomyolysis, leads to deposition of myoglobin in the tubules causing AKI with blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the surgical management of testicular torsion?

A

urgent fixation of both testicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the typical features of IgA nephropathy?

A

visible haematuria following recent viral infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
How can you differentiate between pre-renal and renal/post AKI?
pre = high serum urea:creatinine ratio, usually responds to fluid challenge, BP changes renal = ratio less than 100
26
What investigation is used to assess whether someone has CKD?
urinary albumin:creatinine ratio
27
What investigation is used to diagnose vesico-ureteric reflux?
micturating cystourethrogram
28
What investigation is used to diagnose bladder cancer?
Cystoscopy
29
What is the first line management of pain with renal colic?
IM diclofenac If kidney impairment: IV paracetamol
30
How can you differentiate dehydration from AKI on bloods?
Dehydration - urea rise much higher than creatinine
31
How do you calculate the anion gap?
+ve ions minus -ve ions
32
What is a normal anion gap?
8-14 mmol/L
33
What is the maximum rate of potassium infusion?
10mmol/hour
34
What are the most common causes of nephrotic syndrome in adults and children?
Adults: membranous nephropathy Children: minimal change disease
35
How do you investigate suspected diabetes insipidus?
Water deprivation test high plasma osmolality, low urine osmolality
36
What is henoch-schonlein purpura?
IgA mediated small vessel vasculitis, usually seen in children following an infection. Causes purpuric rash with oedema over buttocks and extensor surfaces
37
What should be monitored in patients with henoch-schonlein prurpura?
Blood pressure and urinalysis
38
Which common drugs are nephrotoxic?
NSAIDs, aminoglycosides, ACE-I, ARBs, diuretics, contrast - should be stopped in AKI
39
Why do you get IgA nephropathy/HSP following a viral infection?
IgA is produced on mucosal surfaces during infection, builds up on kidneys
40
What type of picture does IgA nephropathy present with?
Nephritic - 1-2 days following URTI,
41
Why is nephrotic syndrome associated with a hyper-coagulable state?
Antithrombin 3 and plasminogen is lost via kidneys
42
What are the features of acute interstitial nephritis?
Allergic picture - fever, rash etc Raised eosinophils, sterile pyuria and white cell casts Usually drug induced
43
What factors can affect eGFR?
Pregnancy, muscle mass (amputees, body-builders), eating red meat before taking the sample
44
How do you distinguish between renal and pre-renal AKI?
pre-renal (kidneys hold onto sodium to preserve volume, good response to fluid challenge, raised urea) renal: poor response to fluid challenge
45
What ABG results would you see with mesenteric ischaemia?
Metabolic acidosis with high lactate
46
How do you work out urea:creatinine ratio?
Urea/(creatinine/1000) - if > 100 pre-renal
47
What is the management of proteinuria in patients with CKD?
ACE-I or ARBs or SGLT-2 Inhibitors
48
How do you classify CKD stages?
1. > 90egfr with signs of kidney damage 2. 60-90egfr with signs of kidney damage 3a. 45-59 3b. 30-44 4. 15-29 5. <15
49
What test is done to screen for diabetic nephropathy?
Albumin:creatinine ratio on spot sample then in early morning specimen
50
Why does nephrotic syndrome cause a hypercoagulable state?
loss of anticoagulant proteins from blood
51
What is the mechanism of action of calcium resonium?
Removes potassium from the body, by binding to it in the GI tract, promoting it's excretion in faeces
52
At what ACR should patients be started on an ACE-I in CKD?
> 30
53
What investigation do you do in AKI of unknown origin?
Renal ultrasound
54
What do you use to screen for adult PKD?
Ultrasound
55
What is the difference in blood findings between interstitial nephritis and glomerulonephritis?
glomerulonephritis - haematuria and proteinuria. raised platelets interstitial nephritis - mild proteinuria
56
What should you check before starting EPO injections?
iron levels - correct deficiencies before starting EPO
57
Why does adrenal insufficiency cause a metabolic acidosis with hyperkalaemia?
less aldosterone, more sodium loss, more potassium retention. more sodium loss also causes H+ retention causing acidosis
58
What are the features of acute interstitial nephritis?
Fever, rash, arthralgia, eosinophilia, hypertension, renal impairment. Urine microscopy: sterile pyuria and white cell casts
59
what features on a urine dip indicate an infection?
Raised nitrates and leukocytes - if inflammation can just be raised leukocytes
60
What is a normal anion gap?
10-18
61
What picture on an ABG does prolonged diarrhoea produce?
A metabolic acidosis with hypokalaemia
62
When might you offer haemodialysis in AKI?
When the patient has pulmonary oedema, hyperkalaemia or acidosis

Finals passmed (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions