Urology

Question 1

What is an inguinal hernia

Answer 1

Herniation of contents through inguinal canal

Question 2

RF for inguinal hernia

Answer 2

Male

Prematurity

Question 3

Are most inguinal hernias direct or indirect

Answer 3

Indirect

Question 4

Main risk associated with inguinal hernias

Answer 4

Incarceration

Question 5

What is incarceration

Answer 5

Can obstruct the bowel and/or testis
Cutting off blood supply
(Strangulation)

Question 6

Clinical features inguinal hernia

Answer 6

GROIN swelling
Visible most:
Straining
Crying

Question 7

Is for inguinal hernia

Answer 7

O/E

Question 8

<1yrs inguinal hernia R

Answer 8

Urgent referral for repair

No place for observation

Question 9

> 1yrs inguinal hernia Rx

Answer 9

Elective referral

Repair

Question 10

Incarcerated inguinal hernia Rx

Answer 10

Reduce and repair on same admission

Emergency

Question 11

What is a hydrocele

Answer 11

When fluid accumulates around the testis

Question 12

Who is a hydrocele very common in

Answer 12

New borns

Esp prematurity

Question 13

Are hydroceles in babies typically communicating or non-communicating

Answer 13

Communicating

Question 14

What is a communicating hydrocele

Answer 14

When fluid from the abdomen communicated with the scrotal sac

Question 15

Clinical features of hydrocele

Answer 15

Scrotal swelling
Painless
Bluish colour

Question 16

Ix for hydrocele

Answer 16

O/E
Torch
USS

Question 17

Rx for hydrocele

Answer 17

Conservative until 5yrs

Harmless: 96% will disappear spontaneously

Question 18

Is hydrocele persists or is complicated what is the Rx

Answer 18

Surgery

Question 19

Indications for orchidoplexy

Answer 19

Fertility 
Malignancy 
Trauma 
Torsion 
Cosmetic

Question 20

Describe fertility and cryptorchidism

Answer 20

Loss 1% germ cells/month if undescent

Question 21

Describe Malignancy and cryptorchidism

Answer 21

Rate of testicular cancer 3x more common

Question 22

Describe trauma and cryptorchidism

Answer 22

Much safer being in the scrotum than being in the groin

Question 23

Describe torsion and cryptorchidism

Answer 23

More susceptible to testicular torsion

Question 24

What is cryptorchidism

Answer 24

Failure of descent of testis into the scrotum

Question 25

What is a true cryptorchidism

Answer 25

Stopped short on normal path | True undescent

Question 26

What is retractile cryptorchidism

Answer 26

Normal testis that have been pulled into a suprascrotal position by cremasteric reflex

Question 27

What is ectopic cryptorchidism

Answer 27

In the wrong place | Diverted to an aberrant position

Question 28

Ix for cryptorchidism

Answer 28

USS | O/E

Question 29

Rx for cryptorchidism

Answer 29

Orchidoplexy surgery

Question 30

What is circumcision

Answer 30

Removal foreskin

Question 31

1 absolute indication for circumcision

Answer 31

Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans (BXO)

Question 32

Relative indications for circumcision

Answer 32

Balanoprosthitis Religious UTI

Question 33

What a testicular torsion

Answer 33

Urological emergency | Twisting of the testicle on the spermatic cord

Question 34

Why is testicular torsion a urological emergency

Answer 34

Twisting of the testicle on the spermatic cord leading to constriction of the vascular supply and time-sensitive ischaemia and/or necrosis of testicular tissue

Question 35

Clinical features of testicular torsion

Answer 35

``` Acute pain scrotum Acute pain testicles Swelling Nausea/Vomiting Abdominal pain ```

Question 36

Ix for testicular torsion

Answer 36

Doppler USS

Question 37

Rx for testicular torsion

Answer 37

Initial stabilisation Urological consultation Semi-elective scrotal exploration Supportive care

Question 38

What is a hydrospadias

Answer 38

Urethral meatus in the wrong place

Question 39

Classification types of hydrospadias

Answer 39

Subcoronal Midshaft Penoscrotal

Question 40

What 3 separate problems are encountered with hydrospadias

Answer 40

Urethral meatus incorrect place Foreskin gathered at back of penis Penis may be bent when erect

Question 41

What do you NOT do in hydrospadias

Answer 41

DO NO circumcise

Question 42

Rx for hydrospadias

Answer 42

Do not circumcise | Surgical (1 o 2 stages)