Urology

Question 1

Risk factors for acute pyelonephritis

Answer 1

Upper tract obstruction
Calculous hydronephrosis
Urea splitting organisms (proteus)
Congenital abnormalities
Diabetes
Neuropathic bladder
Indwelling catheter

Question 2

Main bacteria causing pyelonephritis

Answer 2

E.coli

Question 3

Causes of haematuria

Answer 3

Coagulation disorders
Haemophilia
Sickle cell disease
Tumour (bladder, renal, ureteric, prostate cancer)
Benign prostatic hypertrophy
Trauma (bladder, urethra, renal, urethra)
Stones
Infection (bacterial, TB, parasitic [schistosomiasis])
Circulatory (vascular malformations, renal infarction)
Medications (anticoagulants [aspirin, clopidogrel, warfarin], penicillins, cyclophosphamide)
Autoimmune (IgA nephropathy, glomerulonephritis, HSP)
Inflammation (interstitial cystitis)