Urology

Question 1

What drugs promote urinary retention?

Answer 1

CCBS and anticholinergics

Question 2

What drugs promote urinary frequency/nocturia?

Answer 2

Loop and thiazide diuretics

Question 3

What drugs promote inability to micturate?

Answer 3

Alpha-adrenergic agonists and decongestants

Question 4

Pharmacological causes of haematuria

Answer 4

1. Rifampicin
2. Nitrofurantoin
3. Phenylbutazone
4. Anticoagulants

Question 5

5 side effects of alpha blockers

Answer 5

1. Dizziness
2. Orthostatic hypotension
3. Muscle weakness
4. Nasal congestion
5. Ejaculation problems

Question 6

What 2 drugs contraindicate the use of alpha blockers?

Answer 6

Nitrates and phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors

Question 7

What do 5-alpha reductase inhibitors inhibit?

Answer 7

Conversion of testosterone into dihydrotestosterone

Question 8

5 side effects of phosphodiesterase 5-inhibitors

Answer 8

1. Priapism
2. Flushing
3. Headaches
4. Dyspepsia
5. Impaired vision

Question 9

Abx for prostatitis?

Answer 9

Fluroquinolone -Ofloxacin (cipro, o, levo)

Question 10

Abx for pyelonephritis?

Answer 10

Cephalosporin beta-lactam - Cefalexin or fluroquinolone ciprofloxacin

Question 11

Abx for chlamydia?

Answer 11

Azithromycin or doxycycline

Question 12

Abx for gonorrhoea?

Answer 12

Azithromycin and IM ceftriaxone

Question 13

Common bacteria to cause acute prostatitis?

Answer 13

E. coli

Question 14

What type of cancer is prostate cancer?

Answer 14

Adenocarcinoma

Question 15

Where does prostate cancer metastasise to?

Answer 15

Lymph nodes, bones, bladder, rectum

Question 16

Management of prostate cancer

Answer 16

Surveillance, radiotherapy, brachytherapy, radical prostatectomy

Question 17

Most common cause of epididymitis?

Answer 17

STIs

Question 18

3 causes of orchitis

Answer 18

1. STI
2. Mumps
3. Inguinal hernia

Question 19

Where do hydroceles develop?

Answer 19

Tunica vaginlasis or spermatic cord

Question 20

What is a communicating hydrocele?

Answer 20

A congenital serous fluid build up that drains peritoneal fluid.

Question 21

What is a complication of a communicating hydrocele?

Answer 21

Inguinal hernia

Question 22

A hydrocele in an adult is commonly caused by?

Answer 22

STIs

Question 23

What age group suffers from varicocele?

Answer 23

Adolescent boys

Question 24

What is a varicocele?

Answer 24

Abnormal dilation of internal spermatic veins and pampiniform plexus

Question 25

A neonate presents with nausea and vomiting alongside lower abdominal pain. What is the diagnosis?

Answer 25

Testicular torsion

Question 26

What are the RF for testicular torsion?

Answer 26

Trauma, exercise, neonates, adolescents

Question 27

Name 3 common bacteria that cause pyelonephritis?

Answer 27

1. E. coli 2. Enterococcus faecalis 3. Coliform

Question 28

What is costovertebral angle tenderness a sign of?

Answer 28

Pyelonephritis

Question 29

What is the management of kidney stones?

Answer 29

Surgical decompression < 10 mm, potassium citrate or allopurinol with sodium bicarbonate.

Question 30

What is a FBC sign of RCC?

Answer 30

Erythrocytosis due to raised EPO

Question 31

Painless haematuria can be a sign of

Answer 31

Bladder carcinoma

Question 32

Management of bladder carcinoma

Answer 32

Transurethral resection, intravesical chemotherapy and BCG bladder injection.

Question 33

3 referral criteria for frank haematuria

Answer 33

1. Haematuria with no UTI 2. Haematuria after UTI treatment 3. > 60 years and dysuria

Question 34

A complication of ureteric trauma that requires stents is

Answer 34

Fistula formation

Question 35

Stress incontinence is commonly seen in

Answer 35

Older women with a history of traumatic vaginal delivery

Question 36

Overflow incontinence is commonly seen in

Answer 36

Chronic urinary retention - Fibroids, BPH, diabetic neuropathy

Question 37

RF for urge incontinence include

Answer 37

Age, obesity, smoking, FH

Question 38

3 RFs for prostatitis

Answer 38

1. UTI 2. Catheters 3. BPH

Question 39

What should be performed prior to rectal examination?

Answer 39

PSA levels

Question 40

What 2 medications should be avoided in BPH?

Answer 40

Antidepressants and decongestants - can worsen urinary symptoms

Question 41

Diagnostic investigation of epididymitis

Answer 41

Scrotal ultrasound

Question 42

Undescended testes are termed

Answer 42

Cryptorchidism

Question 43

Cryptorchidism increases the risk of

Answer 43

Testicular cancer

Question 44

An absent cremasteric reflex is a sign of

Answer 44

Testicular torsion

Question 45

Balanitis is more common in men who have

Answer 45

Foreskin present (not-circumcised)

Question 46

2nd most common bacteria to cause cystitis

Answer 46

Staph saprophyticus

Question 47

Urethritis is commonly caused by

Answer 47

STIs

Question 48

3 causes of upper urinary tract obstructions

Answer 48

1. Malignancy 2. Ureteric trauma - scars/strictures 3. Kidney stones

Question 49

Gold-standard for kidney stone diagnosis

Answer 49

CT-KUB

Question 50

Which type of stone is not seen on x-ray?

Answer 50

Uric acid

Question 51

Staghorn calculi are commonly caused by what and what do they consist of?

Answer 51

Repeated UTIs and struvite (ammonia based)

Question 52

Stones may resolve themselves when they are what size?

Answer 52

< 6cm

Question 53

Recurrent stones can be treated with what 2 medications

Answer 53

Allopurinol or potassium citrate and sodium bicarbonate | xanthine oxidase inhibitor and alkalisation

Question 54

Define urge incontinence

Answer 54

Overactive bladder

Question 55

Define stress incontinence

Answer 55

Weakness in pelvic floor/sphincter muscles

Question 56

Mixed incontinence is

Answer 56

Urge + stress