Urology Introduction

Question 1

What is urology

Answer 1

Ureter length 25cm
UB goes into ureter its urinary tract ,prostate gland is placed on the urethra
Urinary pelvis goes into ureter
When about 300ml of urine there is desire to urinate
There are sphincter in the UB to keep urine in the bladder - internal and external
Detrussor muscle is in the UB, when constricted and sphincters relax there is evacuation of urine aLong the urethra

In males scrotum is considered a genital organ and testis are in scrotum, testis take part in spermatogenesis and testosterone formation

The standard of exam in urology
- from asking patient complains,
pain usually in lumbar region or projection of UB or pain in scrotum sometimes disorder in urination or hematuria, physical exam e.g kidney Palpation using both hands one hand holds lumbar area and another palpated kidney in the intercostal area
Patient lying in supine position, another way is when patient lies on the left or right and in standing position
Palpation in standing to find non typical position of kidneys
Then Palpation of area of the UB, also digital rectal exam prostate gland is palpated, the task is to determine whether Palpation is painful or not, the size, soft or taft

Ultrasound
After that US of kidneys is done, UB, then prostate gland and also US of organs of scrotum

X-ray
X-ray is important as well, it can be with contrast for kidney exam. Usually when the investigate kidneys excretory function is determined whether proper or not, several images are taken after contrast introduction within some interval
We evaluate when dye appears or it leaves completely

Biochemical
-Of blood is done , nitrogen should be found out
Creatinine is the indicator of residual amount of nitrogen

General urine test
-hematuria can be found out, leucocyturia which is inflammatory process,proteinuria tells injury of kidney (lesion) not trauma due to organic disorders

Instrumental examination

• Endoscopy of urethra and UB
• used to find out diff inflammatory changes , also to properly diagnose tumors
• there are modern methods of exam which can be done for the sake of treatment , they give possibility to determine presence of stones , they destroy stones a,d gives possibility to reduce tumor in renal callices and pelvis

Function of kidney- not only urine production but regulation of BP due to RAA system, also generation of blood, erythropoietin production which maintain generation of RBCs

Urology patients usually have high BP coz function of kidney is disturbed and some enzymes are not generated
Erythropoietin are not generated so they have anemia,weakness
Disorder of urination can be of different origin sometimes due to disturbance of urine travel to UB, because I’m most cases it’s related to the work of the prostate gland
Sometimes pain during urination occurs due to inflammation process
Drainage of urine using catheter or puncture of UB to restore urination
Disturbance of urination is urgent pathology
Source of hematuria can be UB or kidney

Tomorrow-inflammatory diseases of urinary system
Pylonephritis
Cystitis
Prostitis
Okitis 
Urethritis