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Darwin US Politics > US congress > Flashcards

US congress Flashcards

1
Q

beause congress has two chambers what is it known as

A

a bicameral legislagture

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2
Q

what % of american aprove of teh work congress does

A

13% up from 11%

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3
Q

what % of congress men/women are relected

A

96%

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4
Q

how many membours of the senate vs the house of rep

A
  • 100 in the senate ( two senators for each state no matter the size)
  • 435 in the house ( numbre of reps depends on the population size of the state)
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5
Q

what does each representaive in congress represent

A

a congressional district in a state

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6
Q

what are the reqiremenst to become a represenative of teh house

A
  • US citozen for at least 7 years
  • over 25
  • resident of teh state tehy reprsent
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7
Q

what are the reqiremenst to become a senator

A
  • US citozen for at least 9 years
  • over 23
  • resident of teh state tehy reprsent
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8
Q

what is an election in teh middle of a precidency called

A

a midterm

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9
Q

what amendment made it manditory for teh senate to be eleceted

A

teh seveteenth amedment 1913

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10
Q

what electorla system do comgressioanl elections take place under

A

FPTP

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11
Q

why is it more likly that a unified congress will occure after a primary

A
  • the coatails effect
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12
Q

what an exeptions to teh coats tail effect

A
  • Bush 2002
  • obama 2012
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13
Q

what is it called when when a currentholder of a political office is relelected

A

incubanacy ( they are teh incumbant)

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14
Q

describe the decomratic vs republican makup of congress since 2009

A
  • Obama 2008-16
    1. D-D
    2. R-D
    3. R-D
    4. R-R
  • Trump 2016-2020
    1. R-R
    2. D-R
  • Biden
    1. D-(D- split but harris tie breaker)
    2. R-D
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15
Q

what are the powers both chamers have in congress

8

A
  • Legislative Powe
    1. prepose
    2. pass
  • Oversight Power
    1. botbh can hold invesigtory hearings
  • impeahcment role
  • war powers
  • amendment power
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16
Q

what are the powers that are only held by the senate

A
  • confirming appointments
    1. federal judges and supream court judges, Cabinet members, ambassadors
    2. only a majority vote needed
  • ratifying treaties
    1. negotiate dby president
    2. 2/3 majority neded
  • Filibuster and Cloture
    1. fillabuster ( talk withou being stopped)- can killa bill by usinf all its set debate tiem without coming to a vote.
    2. closture ( to end a fillabuster requires the support of three-fifths (currently 60 out of 100) of the senators.
  • voting on impeachments ( impeachemnt trials)
    1. 2/3 majority
  • the power to select a vise presidnt
    1. in the case of an electoral collage tie
    2. in the case of the role needing filling e.g if the president dies or resigns and teh piror vice president steps up
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17
Q

where do most invesigations occure under

A
  • the senate judicary committee
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18
Q

give an example of a mebour of the eexecutive going on trial in congress

A

Hillary clinton as secuartyry of state when on trial in 2016 for her use of a private email sharing governemnt clasified documenst

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19
Q

give an example of a consitutional amendment made by congress

A
  • the 17th amendment 1913 reqirign all senators to be elected officlas
  • these are very rare as tehy are so difficult to pass (there has only been 27)
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20
Q

give an example of a succesful impeachemnt of a judge

A
  • 2010 judge thomas porteous
  • wingly and intentionally making false statements
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21
Q

how many time shas the electoral colalge been split and congress has ahd to vote the president and vise president in ?

A
  • 2 times a very long time ago in the 18 hundreds
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22
Q

whos the democratic and republican leaders/ minority leaders in the house

A
  • Democrat= Nancy pelosi
  • Republican = Kevin Macarthy
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23
Q

whos the democratic and republican leaders/ minority leaders in the senate

A
  • democrat= chuck shuma
  • republican = mich mconnell
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24
Q

what is a bill failing called ?

A

a bill dies

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25
Q

name three senators that are democrats

A
  • chuck schumer - majority leader
  • joe manhcin - (republican leaning senator for iowa )
  • Berni sanders (tecnically an inderpendent but will vote with the democrats)
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26
Q

l

A

l

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27
Q

what is the compramise witch made there a bicameral legistalgture

A
  • The conneticut comparamise
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28
Q

give an example of a fillabuster

A
  • like when Strom Thurmond filibuster of the Civil Rights Act of 1957 for over 24 hours
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29
Q

give an example of 2 rcent bi partizan effort 2

A
  • Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act 2002, is the most recent bi partisan effort on campaign finance reform - McCain–Feingold Act
  • the Bipartisan Safer Communities Act 2022
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30
Q

what % of bills make it through congress

A
  • 2-4 %
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31
Q

How is a bill usually introduced into congress

A
  • a congress embour sponcers it
    *
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32
Q

give an example of a bill making it through congress quickly becuse of a united government

A
  • the tax cuts and jobs act Trumps bill took from the 2nd of novembre to the 15th of decembre 2017
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33
Q

what are the primary roles of congress

A
  • passing legislation
  • represenation
  • oversight (and chacsk and ballences)
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34
Q

what is a standing committee ?

A
  • its liek a pulic bills committee in that tehy deal with bills but a select comitee in that tehy are policy specialist and are perminant committees
  • full of policy speciclaist to “mark up “ amend bills
  • they reflect teh partizan makup of congress
  • there are commitees in both houses
  • a house commitee will have 30-40 mebours where as a senate will have around 18
  • there are also subcommittees of standing committees
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35
Q

what are the roles of standing committees

A
  • conducting the committee phase
    1. this involves hearings where they hear from witnesses e.g congress men or women and mebours of the public
    2. there is the markup of a bill
    3. then they vote on weather to pass the bill on to the next step
  • conducting investigations
    1. into problems in their specialty policy area
    2. senate judicary commitee invesigations into mebours of the execuative
    3. if the invesigation is too big it will likly have its own select commitee made around it.
  • confirming presidncial appointments
    1. foreign relations commitee confirms ambasiders
    2. judicay committeee holds hearings on supream court judages
    3. e.g. refused to hold a hearing on Obamas supreame court moninee judge merick garland in 2016 ( however the vote is also held on the senate floor too)
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36
Q

What is teh House rules committee

A
  • its a standing committee of the house reponcable for timetabling and the rules (e.g. if amendements acan be made) and time frame of its debate
    1. mebership of both parties but more of the majority part
    2. dessions made though a majority vote
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37
Q

what is a confirence committee

A
  • they are esentually try make the bill that has gone through the house an teh senate one bill
  • membours of both the house and the senate
  • once this is doen the bill is voted on on the floor of each house again ( they only do this with about 10% of bills, party leaderships reconsile the rest)
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38
Q

what is a select committee + example

A
  • incharge of invesigations if it doesnt fit neetltly nto a specifci policy area or if it going to take up alot of tiem
  • 2014 select committee to look into hillary clintons ( secuartry of state for obama) actiosn surrounfing teh 2012 terror attack in Benghazi taht killed a US ambasidor. hearings begun in 2014 but tehy delayed teh report till 2016 when she was running for president - this also lead to the emaisl scandel. - partizan
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39
Q

explain the hillary clinton investigation

A
  • 2014 select committee to look into hillary clintons ( secuartry of state for obama) actiosn surrounfing teh 2012 terror attack in Benghazi taht killed a US ambasidor. hearings begun in 2014 but tehy delayed teh report till 2016 when she was running for president - this also lead to the emaisl scandel.
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40
Q

how are committee chairs desided + example

A
  • usaully tehy have to be from the majority party (seniority rules)
  • can only be chair 3 terms or 6 years
  • in a way they are clsoe to being party leaders or equivilant heads of governement departmemts
    1. they controle the committees agenda
    1. deside when thwy will meet
    2. the controle the committee budget
    3. spokes person for the white house or the media
    4. report legistaion to the floor
    5. make requests to the house rules committee for time tabling
  • Biden was the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee for twelve years
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41
Q

give an example of a congress rejecting a presidency nomination to an execuative office

A
  • Bush john towers 1989 as secuatry of defense
  • would have rejevcted nera tanden biden 2021 but non wasnt made. this was for head of the OMB and it was becuse of offensive tweets
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42
Q

what are teh three types of represenation models

A
  • the represenatation model - congress ahs to refect the makup of socioty inorder to effectovely represent it
  • the trusteee model- a represenative can successfully represent peopel whom tehy do not share teh same social profiling of
  • the delligate model - should act as the mouth piece for their district
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43
Q

how socially represenative is congress examples

A
  • every congress ( exlusing 2009 has been more representative than the last since 2000
  • however 76% of congress are white vs 61% of the us population
  • 27% are women
  • 12.9% black vs 13.4% of US POP - THIS IS GOOD
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44
Q

what % of congress are white vs the US population

A
  • 76% of congress are white vs 61% of the us population
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45
Q

give example thats congess is and isnt representaive over all

A
  • only 13% of the US ppulation approve of the work of congress
  • however 96% rellected
  • 27% women
  • 78% white vs 61% of the population
  • hower 96% of reps are reelected
  • for example the vast majority of ameican want gun controle but less than 50% of congress do
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46
Q

by how much has voting decresed in the house and the senate 2007-2016

A
  • from 2007 to 2016 voting has decresed int he house by 500 and in the senate 300
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47
Q

how has the partizanship changed in congress since the 1980s + why

A
  • it has become alot more ideological and partizan
  • the left has shifted to the right meanehile the right has shifted even further to the right
  • before air travel congress men would have to live in washinton but now there is the idea of people not being true to their state if they do this menaing they are likly to lose electiosn. therefore they dont mix in washington and congress ahs become more partizan
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48
Q

given an exaple of the senate becoming more partizan in 2010

A

in 2010 9 senate “centrist candiates were up for relecteion. 4 retired 4 were defeted and 1 dies

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49
Q

what is pork barrel legistaion + example

A

Pork barrel legislation is legislation that funds initiatives in the legislator’s home district. Pork barrel projects are added to the federal budget by members of the appropriation committees of Congress. It is included to get a specific congresson man or woman to vote on a piece of legistaion they might not otherwise vote for

The most famous recent example of pork barrel legislation was for the “Bridge to Nowhere,” cost hundreds of millions Alaskan bridge that was supposed to connect Gravina Island’s 50 residents with the Alaskan mainland. after public controversy wasnt built. apart of transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century 1998

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50
Q

what is a cloture motion

A

Cloture is a Senate motion to end a filibuster, and it requires the approval of 60 senators.

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51
Q

what is log rolling

A

Logrolling is the process by which legislators trade favors. One representative might agree to vote for another member’s bill in return for support on his or her own bill.

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52
Q

give an exqple of congress not being partizan in 1982 vs now

A
  • in 1982 there was an ideoloogical overlap of both parties of over 60% overlap in voting , with that many congress men or women willign to vote with the other party. Now there are basically no cases where this happens
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53
Q

list teh points that parties are important in congress and arnt

3-2

A
  • yes - leadership in congress is run by parties
    1. they have alsot of power in reconsiling bills, witch tehy do with 90% and in the senate over the time table.
    2. however both are involved in timetablign so there is some kind of a consensus
    3. party leaders is week. they have no dirrect power over their party like with collective reponcabillity in the uk

1

  • yes- commitees are organsied via teh makup of parties in cogress
    1. they are the most important part of the legistagitve prosses and deside what bill make it to and dont make it to the floor.

2

  • yes- incresed patizanship party is teh primary vote determining factor in congress (and without a unified congress there is gridlock)
    1. if there is a devided congss no bills will pass
    2. big bills are always passed under a unified congress. e.g. obama care 2010 DD, the tax cuts and jobs act 2018 RR, and the inflation reduction act DD

3

  • no- partys have no controle over wicth represenatives are dirrectly selected for primaries or congress
    2. there are even three “inderpendents” - berni sanders and kirrsten sinnema and angus king
    3. however they all will vote democrat and are inderpendent because tehy are almost too left wing
    1. however this usually just results in more ideological canidates as thoes lily to vote in primarites are ideologys.

4

  • no - views of consituents can out weigh party views
    1. jow manion reducing the inflation redution act to spening $400 billion on clean every rather than $3 trillion as a large portion of westvirginias industry is coal
    2. could only do this becuse teh senate was at a 50/50 split
  • no- caucuses
    1. The caucus consists of an equal number of Democrats and Republicans, and its members work together to develop and promote bipartisan legislation on various issues such as healthcare. 58 mebers the Problem Solvers Caucus
    2. becaome more partizan, e.g 2019 congressional black caus rejecyted a republican menerber.
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54
Q

list the difficulties of passing legislation through congress

A
  • complicated and crowded prosses
  • week party leadership
  • divided governments
  • consitutional limmitations
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55
Q

list all the congressional causes you need to know about

A
  • the blue dogs coallision
  • the tuseday group
  • the house freedom caucus
  • the congressioank hispanic caucus
  • the congressional black caucus
  • the senadet and house democratic and republican caucus
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56
Q

what do caucuses do

A
  • represent a specific group in congress
    1. educate other congres men and women
    2. preject their agenda
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57
Q

what do the senadet and house democratic and republican caucus do ?

A

electing leadership ( administrative)

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58
Q

what is the “centre rebublican” and right wing republican caucuses + their significance in congress + their membourship

A
  • center= the tuseday group 44 members
  • right= the house freedom caucus 50 (public membours) - very presigous membours
    1. kevin macsthy has to and offten struggles to formualte legislation to get both groups on side.
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59
Q

give some facts about the congresional black caucus

A
  • historically non partiza but rejected a republican representative in 2019
  • membours have included raphiel worlock, obama and camilla harris
    1. membours sponcered The Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986 was a law enacted by the United States Congress. The law imposed sanctions against South Africa.
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60
Q

which house deals with teh budget and money

A

teh house of repesenatives

61
Q

what are the primary differneces between congress and parliament

A

differnece between the houses
* power dived rather equally in congress not Uk because the upper house is elected in US
1. 17th amendment means senate is elected anf therefore they have a democratic madate tp pass bills
2. parliament act 1911 and 1949 means that lords can only delay a bill as they dotn ahve this amdate.
- So what : this means you get a grilock were bills canot be passed in congress if it is divided.
**UK is somewhat a multi party democracy **
* regainal parties and a more centralist culture means that there are more than two parties in congress in the UK
1. liberal democrats have had up to 62 seats and SNP up to 59 at points
2. in the US this is not the case with a 51/50 democrat rupublican split in the senate and house 222/215 democrat republican democrat. ( three inderpendents in the senate although caucus with democrats)
- so what : this means one of the parties int he US alwasy sgets a majority where as in the UK there has been 2 cases since the 2000s where this has not happeded. the diveristy of views and one party not always having a majority means the uk parties dont aways end up passing legistaion pass down party lines and there is somewhat greater consensus .
fussion of powers vs separetion
* Uk gov is drawn from the majority party in the commons where as in the Us there is a seperate singualr executive in the presiadent.
1. camilal harris resign as senator of california to become VP vs Rushi sunak is MP of Richmand.
so what- this means that the executive in the UK can quite easilly forfill their agenda where as POTUS has to rely on their powers of perswasion, and can only get things doen if its a unified congress. E.g trump only really got the tax cuts and jobs acts passed in his time in office.
**the role of committees ** -too long to do a pargraph on !
* most amendemnts or markups invesigtaions and legisgtaive work happens in standing committees as they dont have government departments becuse of the seperation of powers. additionally theres the house rules committee in chage of time tabling and the confirnece commitee in charge of fusing legislations passed through both houses. In the uk public bills commitees are desided by whips and rarely interfear with legislation meanwhile select committees are in charge of scrutinisng departments not bills so have little power in the legisgtive process.
- so what- committees have way mmore influnec and power were as in the uk its just the execuative branches and offten jsut teh PM

62
Q

what are teh charateristics of effective overshight to state in the intro of an essay ?

A
  • its potent (it holds weight/power)
  • it is bipartizan
63
Q

what is congressional oversight

A
  • Quecks and ballences on the execuative not scrutiney of legislation and i wouldnt talk about congressional scrutiny as comander and cheif
64
Q

on an essay on congressional oversight what paragraph themes should you use

A
  • Advise and consent
    1. treaties and appointment s
  • impeachemnt
  • committees
65
Q

who was a recent withdrawal for nomination to the supream court

A

harriet miers by George W. Bush 2005 ( a lawyer for the white house)

66
Q

what does acquit mean

A

to free someone from a criminal charge by a verdict of not guilty

67
Q

what comes under domestic action list ( tuen to plan with examples)

A
  • running of the execuative
    1. budgets
    president has to prepose but congress has a slight upper hand as they can and offen do not pass - federal governement sut down ………….
    2. shaping legislation
    preposal and amendments
    3. passageof legisaltion
    the veto and overrifing legislation
  • legislating
    1. implementing legislation
    2. appointments
68
Q

what are the requirements to be a senator

A
  • US citozen for 9 years
  • over 30
  • must be a resident of the state they represent
69
Q

whats teh differnce with representation between a house representaive vs a sentor

A
  • rep - represents a congressional district
  • senator- represents the whole state 2
70
Q

whats an exple of an execuative order that yoyos depending on the presidential leaderhsip

A
  • the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA)
  • provides temporary protection from deportation and work authorization to certain undocumented individuals who were brought to the United States as children, often referred to as “Dreamers”
71
Q

how to spell presidential

A

presidential

72
Q

what are the requirements to be a house representative

A
  • 25 years ols
  • US citozen for 7 years
  • resident of the state tehy represent
73
Q

how often is there a senate election vs congressional and whats the intention of this

A
  • senate- 1/3 is up every 2 years so a senator serves a 6 year term
  • house - whole house is up for election evry 2 years
  • the hosue is meant to be based off of teh idea of popularism and democracy and represent the current view o the peopel/ electorate, furhtemore they are incontroel of the budget. this means tehy need to be regularly held to account and potencialy stwitched out to reflect teh current political zeigtgeist
  • the senate on the other hand were mean to represent the elite and federalism by theoriginal framers. they were mean to almost be the sensably, educted ones who oversaw the law making process. or iginally they didnt even have the be elcted by the people until the 17th amenedemnt.
74
Q

what are the names of differnt types of elections in the Us ( not party related)

A
  • Mid terms - when there is a congressional election every 2 years but the president is not being elected
  • presidentail election - every 4 years, presient is up for election too
75
Q

what ar eteh two main types of comitees in the US congress

A
  • standing comitee - (kinda like the equivillant to a uk select comitee) - responsible for reviewing and making recommendations on legislation
  • select committee- temporary committees created for a specific purpose, often to investigate a particular issue or address a specific problem. Once their purpose is fulfilled, they are disbanded. tehy dont tend to form around invesigtaing specifict legislation like public bill comitees in the uk, thats usually up to the standing comitee on the paticular policy area/.
76
Q

what aretical are congretional powers set out in ?

A

artical 1 of the consitution

77
Q

what is Regulation of Commerce

A

the power of Congress to enact laws and regulations that govern economic activities occurring between states and teh us and other countries - basically trade regualtion

78
Q

where are amendment procedures set out in the US consitution

A

Artical 5

79
Q

when are super majorities needed

A
  • ratify treaties in the senate
    1. 2/3
  • impeachemt in the senate
    1. 2/3 majority
  • propsing consitutional amendments and ratifying thoes preposed in a state convention
    1. 2/3 majority in the senate + house
  • Cloture of a cloture motion of a fillabuster
    1. 60/100 in the senated
  • overiding a presidential veto
    1. 2/3 in both houses
80
Q

what powers are just given to the house

A
  • Origination of Revenue Bills
    1. any bills with money at the centre must origninate in the house
  • Impeachment
    1. the power to inituate an impeachemnt
  • Selection of the President in Case of a Tie in the electoral collage
81
Q

what are teh implied powersof congress

A
  • Creation of gov Agencies and Departments
  • Establishment of National Banks
  • Legislative Agenda Setting
82
Q

give an example of a treatie confirmed by the senate

A

The New START (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) treaty.
* In December 2010
* confirmed in the Senate, 71 in favor and 26 against.
* The treaty set limits on the number of deployed strategic nuclear warheads and delivery systems for both the United States and Russia, aiming to promote arms control

83
Q

when was the last federal judge impeached

A

Thomas Porteous in 2010

84
Q

whast the 27th amendment

A

The 27th Amendment to the United States Constitution, also known as the Congressional Pay Amendment, deals with the compensation of members of Congress. It states that any change in the compensation (salary) of members of Congress cannot take effect until the beginning of the next term of office for the representatives

85
Q

what are the official 3 function of cogress ( to talk about in an essay )

A
  • representation
  • legislating
  • oversight
86
Q

what are the powers of congress in terms of oversight

A
  • oversing the execulative branch ( invesigations)
  • overiding presidents veto
  • confiming appointments
  • ratifying treaties
  • conistutional amendments ( confirm)
  • impeavhment
  • confirmign vice president
87
Q

when talking about teh powers of congress what shoudl you talk about

A
  • law making
  • oversight of the president
    1. veto
    2. impeachemts
    3. ratifying treaties
  • over sight of the broarder branches of governemt
    1. confirming appointments
    2. investgations
88
Q

what is the legislgtive process in congress

A
  • First Reading
    1. The bill is introducedl and a quick vote is taken to see if it will proceed
    2. A bill is either introduced by a member of the House of Representatives or the Senate. It can be a new proposal or a revision to existing legislation
    3. the person who introduces the bill is known as a sponcer, they may come from a comitee where there are often multipel sponcers.
  • The Committee Stage
    1. bills is allocated to a standing committee. however commitees can choose witch bills tehy hear and they can “pigenhole”a bill by not hearing it causing the bill to die
    2. This happens to many bills. However, if a committee chooses to hear a bill then it will hold hearings and investigations to see what the effect of a bill would be
    3. its then ‘marked up’ with amendments
    4. . If a bill has been passed to a subcommittee, it will come back to the full committee where these will be reviewed
    5. If the committee backs the bill they will ‘order the bill to be** reported**’ which means they send the bill to the full chamber for further consideration. Many bills will still die in committee even after being marked up.
  • timetabling
    1. in the senate this is done by unanimous consent of “the leaders of each party”
    2. in the house this is done by the House Rules Committee which will decide on whether or not the bill will make it to the floor, how long they will be debated for and whether or not amendments can be added.
  • sencond reading (floor debate and vote)
    1. In both chambers, the bill will be debated and where allowed, amendments added. This occures spertly on the same bill. It is at this stage in the Senate that the bill may be filibustered and die .
    2. All debates are followed by a vote. If the bill doesn’t pass in either house it dies.
    3. in the senate there is a role call vote and in the house there is an electronic system
  • Third Reading
    1. This is the final opportunity to debate the bill before a final vote. The debate will tend to be small and non-controversial.
  • reconciling ( confirence comitee phase)
    1. Since the bills have passed through Congress concurrently, it will result in two different versions of the same bill. A conference committee is called to reconcile the two bills and create a single text. This typically happens with around 10% of bills. In other cases Congressional Leadership will reconcile the bill
    2. a bill can also die in this phase if the recousiling in ineffective
  • Final Passage
    1. the bill must have a final vote before it can be sent onwards. If the bill fails to pass in one chamber, the bill will die.
  • president action
89
Q

what is liek the equivilant to a UK public bill committee

A

confirence comitee
* job is to reconsile senate and house versions of bills
* The House and the Senate each appoint a group of conferees, who are usually members of the committee(s) that originally considered the bill. The number of conferees from each chamber can vary, but they are usually selected based on their expertise and relevance to the legislation
* typically happens with around 10% of bills. In other cases Congressional Leadership will reconcile the bill

90
Q

what are the weekenesses and strengths to passing a bil though congress

A
  1. long complicated and crowded process
    * There are so many stages and alot of back and forth within thoes stages. Furthermore, there re alot of opertunities for a bill to die within this.
  2. in 2019 almost 15,000 bills were introduced to congress
  3. all considered, a bill may not pass it first readign vote, it may be pigenholed by a standing comitee if they dont want to consider it, it may be amended but then die in comitee as they may not report it back to the floor, it may die in a house or sante vote or be fillerbusted in teh senate, a confirence comitee may not be able to recousil a bill from the house and senate version and then these stages can occure multiple times suroudning a bill.
  4. Obamas afordable helth care act faced 7 votes in the end but passed. however this means there is a lot of chance for a bill to die.
  5. only 2-4% of bills make it through
    **thourough (committees) **
    * a countr argument is that raguably its a very through process, especially due to the comitee phases.
  6. standing comitee membourship and chairing is a very significant and role and they sometimes pick seasoned proffetionals and long standing representives for these roles, this means they are able to provide expert scrutiney. There cam also use Hearings and Testimony and Committees are supported by professional staff members who provide research, analysis, and policy expertise.
    * furthwrmore the extensive voting and analysis means that loopholes and flaws to teh bill are less lily making the process more effective

2.

week leaderships but strong parties
* there a leader for each party in each house but they are week and cant push a bill through like the PM can with a governemnt bill. this can give individual or small numbre of individuals significant influence over the process
1. manchin-tumey amendment fillabuster 2012, aimign for greater gun controle fillbusted by small states despite having by-partizan support
* undemocratic
1. for exaple there was a 2012 fillabuster over Manchin-Toomey Amendment in 2012 which aimed to implemt stonger gun crontrole after a school shooting. Howver a fillabuster of a few small state representives preveneted this from progessing despite it having by- partizan support.
2. joe machin exersized diproportionate influence on policy in 2020- 2022 as the senate was plit 50/50, camilla harri shas the desidng democrt vote but they needed machin ( a democrat who leans towards the centre as he coems from a republican stae) to side with them. This was instreamntla in the inflation reduction act that was orignially costed at arounf £ trillion had to be reduced to arounf $400 billion inorder to get manchin on bord ( clean nergy bill when he comes from a fossil fuel finaced state)
* significnat as tyrany of the minority

divided government
* becuse of the partizan nature of reps if congess is divided there is usully a congresional gridlock of legistation and basiclly nothing of any significnace si passed
2. however joe manhcin in the senate is parcial to voting republican
3. however, this has teh benifit of when there is a united governemt this means bill can get tgrough quickly - e.g. the tax cuts and jobs act Trumps bill took from the 2nd of novembre to the 15th of decembre
checks and balances
* adversarial politics means that tehre are arguablly more qucks and ballences.
* it means taht ehre is a reduced tyrany of the majority. If a party passes a bill it means that they either have united governemnt and therfore alot of support acorss the country, or if its passed by a bi partizan effort then ther has to be consensus which is just as ignifiant. this is arguabley more democratic.
1. The McCain-Feingold Act or Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act 2002

4.

  • the consitution place limits on the scope of legistation
    1. SCOTUS andjudicial reviews since Marbury v. Madison
    2. Presidencail VETO - iran war powers resolution act trump vetoed in 2020, however rare and 2/3 to overide
    1. need a 2/3 majority in both houses to change legistation under conistutuinal protection
  • this is the most significnat part as congress has no power over areas under consitutional protection and supermajoites are so hard that tehy lily never will
    1. teh most important area this reated to is gun controel and the secodn amendment. They have tried on multiple ocasions including 2012 with manchin-tumey amendment fillabuster and in 2021 with The Bipartizan safer comunities act - with this one it imposed more qucks for young buyers and erged staes to iplemnt strickter controle but when new york tried to do this teh supream court strcuk down their bill almost instantly. (Were as in the uk after the dumb blame massicure in 1996 the Uk gov could imediatly ban hand guns)
    prevents tyrany of the minority and corruption/limits power of governemnt
  • arguably as politics is so devsive and extreesmit now, ahvign safe guards such as super majorities protects major consitutional chanves from osillating term after term as leadership changes which we see with other pieces of legilation.
    1. the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals execuative order has swung into implementaion and out from obama to trump to biden. The same with the parsi climate accord, this coudld be the same with the consitution.
    1. most of the 27 amendemnts are land mark events with broad popularity. For exaple, Thirteenth Amendment: Abolition of slavery and the Nineteenth Amendment: Right to vote regardless of gender. ( althoughnot prohabition act 18th amendment )
91
Q

whats it called when a comference committee unites a bill from the house and senate version

A

they reconcile a bill

92
Q

give an exampel of a fillabuster

A

Strom Thurmond filibuster of the Civil Rights Act of 1957 for over 24 hours

93
Q

give an exampel of a bill taht had a numbre ( give the numbre ) of vote on it before pasing though congress

A
  • Obamas afordable health care act had 7 votes on it before it passed in 2010
94
Q

what % of bills make it though congress

A

2-4% of bills make it through

95
Q

in 2019 how many bills were introduces to congress

A

almost 15,000

96
Q

how long did the tax cuts and jobs act take to pass

A

2nd of novembre to the 15th of decembre 2017

97
Q

what did teh The McCain-Feingold Act or Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act 2002 do + why is it significant

A
  • The McCain-Feingold Act aimed to reduce the influence of money in politics, increase transparency, and limit the role of large, unregulated contributions in federal elections.
  • passed via a by-partizan effort
98
Q

what was a gun controle ill presosed in 2022

A

the bipartizan safer comunities act

99
Q

what is teh tax cuts and jobs act a good example of in relation to congres

A

how united governemnt can mean a fast effective legilgtive process

100
Q

what differnces are there with legislgtive process in the house and the senate

A

house
* propose all bills relating to finace
* timetabling- house rules comitee ( partizanbased embership)
* introduction of bills - dropping it in the “hopper”
* rules for debate- The House of Representatives has more rigid rules for floor debate, with strict time limits and limited opportunities for amendments and peopel have limmited tiem to speak
* votinf is done electronically
* Role of Leadership: The Speaker of the House holds significant influence over the legislative agenda and the operation of the House

Senate
* timetabling- unanimous consent of leadership
* introduction of bills - senator by presenting it on the Senate floor
* Filibuster: The filibuster is a unique feature of the Senate. It allows senators to prolong debate on a bill, effectively preventing a final vote unless a supermajority of 60 senators votes for cloture
* voting - roll call
* leaderhsip - In the Senate, the Majority Leader and Minority Leader play crucial roles in shaping the legislative schedule and leading their respective party’s agenda

101
Q

what is the policy significace of congress limitted by ( short essay plan)

A

CHECKS AND BALLENCES AND SEPARATION OF POWERS
**specific policy area limitation (in teh cosnitution) **
* teh second amendment
1. 2012 manchin toomy
2. however the bipartizan safer comunities act

the prsiedncy
* veto
1. trump iran war powers resolution that woudl limit his millitary power in inan 2021
2. however National defense authrisation act veto 2020 was over riddden by both teh house and teh senate with a 2/3 super majority and it was a republicna controled senate

federalism ( in consitution)
* tenth amendment declairs state rights are reserved ( taht not enumerted in teh consitionton to teh federl governemnt)
* This has lead to a numbre of court dessions to overturn congretional acts since madison vs mamsbury 1805.
1. dobbes vs jackson
* however can also empower the congress
1. row vs wade 1973

102
Q

whats it called when the president and congress are split or internally in congress and what can this lead to

A
  • divided government
  • congretional grid lock or legislagtive gridlaock
103
Q

congressional spelling

A

congressional

104
Q

give an example of teh supream court striking down a federal law

A
  • Bruen v. New York
  • was a law law limiting who can obtain a license to carry a concealed handgun in public
  • june 2022
105
Q

list how congress can oversight

A
  • confirm appointments
  • rafify treaties
  • impeachment
  • invetigations
  • overide presidenst veto
  • confirm appointments of vise president
  • ( create federal courts)
106
Q

whats the differnce between checks and ballences and oversigth

A
  • oversight- overseeing processes alredy layed out to make sure it is not corrut, unfair or outof line with the interests of the electorate
  • checks and ballences - abillity to stop a breanch acting too powerfully.
107
Q

if you were to do an esay on oversight what would your three paragrphs be and your main point if succeful

A
  • overide of the veto ( president)
  • confirm appointments ( preident, executive as a whole and judicary)
  • impeahcment and investigations ( president execuative and judicary)

(succesful if its effectieve and not partizan)

108
Q

how effctive is congressional oversight essay plan ( breif)

A

overide of the veto ( president)
1. Natioanl defense autherisation act trump limmiting his war powers without notifing them.
* wa significnat as veto was overidden with 2/3 majority ina republican controled senate
2. however iraq war powers resolution 2021
* shows how the 2/3 majority meanit is often in effctive even if it gets a majority

confirm appointments ( preident, executive as a whole and judicary)
1. harriet miers supream court bush 2005 ( non judicial expireces) when this became clear had her nomination withdrew
2. Nira tanden had he nomination for dirrector of teh OMB withdrew after investigtion pulled up offensiev tweets 2021- replaced with shalader young
3. John Tower. In 1989 rejected for fear of alchoholism and being a “womaniser” - secuatry of defense
4. in teh past judicial appointments were far less partizan Ruth Bader Ginsburg was appointment in 1993. The Senate confirmed her nomination by a vote of 96-3 vs bret 48-50 ( the 2 who dint vote made a deal as the guy was at a wedding)
1. no recently - bret kavenar ( sexual asult alegations and trial was more of a screaming match than a true investigation). was esenutally a party lines vote.
2. no appointment deayed since 1989 john towers.
3. wound down teh clock on obamas supream court appointment of centralsit Merrick Garland in hopes of getting a republican justice in as was a repuclican senate 2014-2016. ( partizan)

impeahcment and investigations ( president execuative and judicary)
1. 4 all failed
2. clinton and trump 1 almost all party lines exept trump and mitt romney
* issue is 2/3 majority
1. however one Thomas Porteous in 2010 ( federal judge) and Samuel B. Kent. In 2009 ( more common)
2. trumps most recent impeachekmt 7 republican broke party lines ( still not significnt, especilly when he was clearly guilty )
3. wasnt always liek this, in andew josons time there was abi partizan vote and he was 1 vote short of being impeached. The voting has become more partzan in modern day

109
Q

where is mitt romney senator

A

Utah

110
Q

list a federl judge impeached in 2009

A

Samuel B. Kent

111
Q

what factors influence the realtionship between the presidnt and congress

A
  • divided governemtn
  • competancy and expirece of the presidnet
    1. biden
  • Legislative Agenda and Policy Proposals
112
Q

whats the significance of presidencial elections for congres s

A
  • the coatails effect
    1. more likly to have a united congress during a presidential eelction as peopel down ballot vote
    2. obama 2008
    3. biden wanst particularly popular resulting in a 50/50 split senate
113
Q

list that factors tahta efefct voting behaviour in congress

A
  • incumbancy
  • primaries and caucuses
  • the region/ consituency
  • preasure groups an lobbyists
  • congressional caucuses
114
Q

why is incumbancy significant in elctions

A
  • name regognision
  • can point to achivements theyve already made
  • party support
  • abillity to attrcat funding
  • expirence
115
Q

explain how incumbancy is significant voting behaviour paragraph

A
  1. 96% of congress men are relected
    * this is becaus eof factors such as : name regognision
  2. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, representing New York’s 14th congressional district, enjoyed significant name recognition due to her high-profile role and media coverage since her initial election in 2018
    * can point to achivements they’ve already made
  3. John Lewis ( house rep for a district in georga) had a distinguished legislative career spanning several decades. His significant achievements, including his role in the civil rights movement and his work on voting rights, solidified his reputation among constituents and his continual relection teh same was true for the opersite reason for Strom Thurmond of south carolina.
    * party support,
    * expirence in elctions
    * abillity to attrcat funding
  4. Senator Mitch McConnell, during his re-election campaign in 2020, benefited from a substantial fundraising advantage, leveraging his position as Senate Majority Leader and tapping into a vast network of donors

However :
* In Florida’s 27th Congressional District, Republican candidate Maria Elvira Salazar defeated the Democratic incumbent Donna Shalala. This district had been held by a Democrat since 1989,

116
Q

paragraph of the importance of primaries and caucuses on voting behaviour

A
  • Joe Crowley in the 2018 primary election. Joe Crowley, a Democrat, had served as the U.S. Representative for New York’s 14th congressional district for nearly 20 years and was considered a prominent figure within the Democratic Party. However, in the primary election, he was unexpectedly defeated by Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, a young progressive candidate who ran a grassroots campaign.
  • however: In 2010, Lisa Murkowski, a Republican senator from Alaska, won re-election through a write-in campaign
117
Q

give an exaple of incumbany being irelivant

A

In Florida’s 27th Congressional District, Republican candidate Maria Elvira Salazar defeated the Democratic incumbent Donna Shalala. This district had been held by a Democrat since 1989,

118
Q

how does the consituency effect voting behaviour

A
  • gerry mandering
    1. packing and crackign
    2. North Carolina led to a significant partisan advantage for Republicans. In the 2012 election, Republicans won 9 out of 13 seats in the state’s congressional delegation, even though Democratic candidates received a majority of the statewide vote
  • regional differnces
    1. southen states culturally tend to vote more repbliccan given their legacy vs northen democrat. the west and west coat vs cental america also vote this way due to cutursl differnces the east coats tend to be more urban and progressive vs rural and tranditional in cental ameica
    2. for exaple claifornia new york are democrt safe sates vs texus and arkansol that are republican safe states.

However:
* californias first and 21st congressional district went republican in 2020

119
Q

what are teh two methods of gerrmandering ?

A
  • Packing: Concentrating voters of one party into a small number of districts, thereby reducing their influence in other districts.
  • Cracking: Dividing voters of one party across multiple districts to dilute their voting power.
120
Q

give a significnat exaple of gerymandering

A

North Carolina led to a significant partisan advantage for Republicans. In the 2012 election, Republicans won 9 out of 13 seats in the state’s congressional delegation, even though Democratic candidates received a majority of the statewide vote

121
Q

how are paties significnat in congressioanl elctions

A
  • becsue of FPTP and the electoral collage system there is a 2 party system
  • howver here are 2 inderpendents who caucus with the democrats vote in the senate + one who switched in 2022 ( krysten cinema - arazona)
    1. bernie sanders - vermont
    2. angus king -maine
122
Q

how do preasur egroups and lobbyist effect voting behaviour in congressional elction

A

Campaign Contributions
* hard and soft money ( as in they can finace the campeign without coersing with the candidate dirrectly or they can make dirrect contrbutions)
* the more funing to the cmapaign the more peopel they can reach and the more votes tehy are likly to inspire
1. mitch mconnel raised aorunf 4 million for his 2020 election campeign

123
Q

how succesful is congress at forfilling its role of representation

A

sescriptive or social representation (descriptive representation)
* 27 % women (vs 4 % in 1979) (+ gone up almost evry year since the millenia)
* african american- 9% vs 12% of the population
* hispanic- 10% vs 18%
* white - 60% vs 77%
* 77% of women elcted are democrts
1. descriptive representation spresses the importance of scocail charaterists as itsuggests taht one has to have been treated/lived a simillar life expience to be anle to succesfully forfill the deligate model.

124
Q

what are teh differnt models of represenation

A
  • the deligate model
    1. dirrect spokes person
  • the trustee model
    1. act in profestional best interests
  • Representation model
    1. stresses the importance of the tangable / social chaterists represnting that of the population
125
Q

what is it called whnsomeone often votes a certain way in congress ( with thier party )

A

partizanship

126
Q

what are congressional caucuses

A
  • member organsisation in
127
Q

what are the two types of groups you can have in congress

A
  • caucus - informal
  • comitee - formal
128
Q

whats the significance of a congressional caucuses in voting behaviour

A
  • its a public declaration of a candidates interest and priorities
  • Congressional Black Caucus (CBC) - sponcership and passage of the Fair Sentencing Act of 2010
  • this arguably helped emanuel cleaver the seconds re-ellection in 2010 to the house after he played a role and then his chairmanship of the cau caucus from 2011-13
129
Q

list the significant causses you need to know + membership, ( any key mebers) and significance

A
  • Congressional Black Caucus (CBC)
    1. traditionally non partizan but now demomocrat dominar. a republican representive was even blocked from joining in 2021
    2. only ten african american repulbican have been elected to congress since 1971 howerver
    3. raphiel warlock georga
    4. camilla harris was
    5. obama was
    6. 2010 fiar sentencing act
    7. failed to make significnat advnce dwith strngthenign the voting rights act
    7. big 55 members
  • the house freedom causus
    1. very right wing republican causus ( invite nly)
    2. 50 known members
    3. Repeal of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) ( tired but failed)
    8. make passing bills in the house difficult for kevin macathy as he has to unite two wing of the party ( the tusday group too)
    4. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act: The House Freedom Caucus played a key role in advancing and shaping the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017
    5. Andy Biggs from Arizona
  • the tusday group
    1. republican centrist group
    2. shrunk over he years
    3. 44 members
    4. Representative Tom Reed (New York)
  • the congressional coallision
    1. remians bi partizan ( remains rather niche subject area)
    1. by- partzan It was formed in 1985 by a group of members of Congress who were dedicated to promoting adoption as a positive option for children in need of permanent families
  • the blue dog coallision
    1. The Blue Dog Coalition is a caucus of conservative and moderate Democratic
    2. 18 mebers
  • Congressional Hispanic Caucus (CHC)
    1. 38 members
130
Q

whos thw current senateent senate leader

A
  • chuck schumer - democrat
131
Q

whos the current speaker of the house

A

kevin macathy

132
Q

what is the leader of the senate called (tile )

A

senate majority leader

133
Q

what % of congress is african ameican and how does this comare to the rest of the population

A

4% more than the rest of the population

134
Q

why have parties become more partizan recently

A
  • Primary Elections: Primary elections, where party members select their candidates for the general election, often favor more ideologically extreme candidates who appeal to the party’s base
  • Political Polarization though the media ( specificlaly social media
  • Campaign Financing: The role of money in politics and the influence of interest groups and political action committees (PACs) have grown over time. This can create incentives for members of Congress to prioritize party and donor interests over compromise and bipartisanship
135
Q

give examples of where parties have become more and less partizan over the years + howevers

A
  • confirmations federal judges
    1. bret kavenar was a party lines vote vs ruth bader ginsburge in 1993
  • massive increse in party lines voting
    1. Affordable Care Act (Obamacare) in 2010 both party lines votes where as Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 was not inherently partisan in nature. It was a bipartisan effort.
  • more divided caususes
    1. house freedom cause grown and even apose moderate republicans ( the tusday group and kenvin mcathy (even tried to replace him))

However
* impeachemnt
1. mit romney trump 1 and 7 sentors trump 2 vs clinton party lines ( not significant enough)
* soem centre groud in causes
1. the congressional coallision by- partzan It was formed in 1985 by a group of members of Congress who were dedicated to promoting adoption as a positive option for children in need of permanent families. ( howver niech)
2. the tusday group have srunk but still consit of more centrist republiand and the rverse with the blue dog democrats 40-50 mebers each
* acts
1. Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002, also known as the McCain-Feingold Act ( rare )
* accetions
1. Senator Lisa Murkowski (Republican, Alaska): Senator Murkowski is known for her independent streak and has taken bipartisan positions on issues such as healthcare, climate change, and LGBTQ+ rights
2. Senator Kyrsten Sinema (Democrat, Arizona): Senator Sinema has often voted independently and worked across party lines on issues such as immigration, minimum wage, and criminal justice reform.
3. Senator Joe Manchin (Democrat, West Virginia): Senator Manchin is considered a centrist Democrat and has shown a willingness to work with Republicans on various issues, including energy, gun rights, and infrastructure
4. Senator Susan Collins (Republican, Maine): Senator Collins is often seen as a moderate and has a history of voting independently from her party on issues such as healthcare, LGBTQ+ rights, and gun control.
4. ( but thats about it)

136
Q

what was trumps second impecahment officialy for ?

A
  • incitement of insurrection
  • ( teh march on captal hill)
137
Q

what was

A
  • “abuse of power” and “obstruction of Congress”
  • pressuring Ukraine to investigate his political rival, Joe Bide by witholding funds
138
Q

who is Kristen cinema ?

A
  • Kirsten Sinema is a ( inderpendent) Democratic senator from Arizona
  • she became inderpendent in 2022 ( more left wing)
139
Q

a UK faction is = to a us ?

A

caucus

140
Q

a uk comitee is = to a us

A

committee

141
Q

who was teh supream court judge nomination that teh republicna senate ran down the clock on in 2016 ?

A

Judge Merrick Garland

142
Q

how well does congress forfill its functions essay plan

A

legislating
* yes - signicfiant acts
1. afordable heath care act2010 , inflation reductionact 2021, tax cuts and jobs act 2017
2. bi partzan Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act, also known as the McCain-Feingold Act 2002
* no - divided governemnt and crowded process
1. places it can die list
1. 2-4% of bills pass

oversight
* yes- mechanisms
1. veto overide - NDAA
2. confirm appoinmtemts - Nira tanden
3. ratify treaties -START
4. confirm vice presidentappointments
5. investigations
6. impeachemts
* no- mostly partizan and ineffective in practiclality
1. trumps imeachemt
2. brett kavenar
3. investigations - republican senate delayed untill 2016

representation
* no - social represenation and incresing partizanship
1. 27 % women (vs 4 % in 1979) (+ gone up almost evry year since the millenia)
2. african american- 9% vs 12% of the population
3. hispanic- 10% vs 18%
4. white - 60% vs 77%
5. 77% of women elcted are democrts
2. this is an issue as the represention model suggets taht one needs to be of a si illar social bckground inoder to propperly represnt a group of peopel as you have to have a simillar lived expirence to undrstan them.
3. is most represntive its ever been and has been alsmost eevry year since the tuen of the millenia
* yes - trustee and deligate model
1. actually alot of represntatives feel more loyal to their states ratehr thna teh party as tehre is no over arching whip system and tehy are not depndent on them for funds
1. for exampel jow manchin ( a democrat senator) was knwo to often work with the republicans on enery as he respresnts a fossil fuel dependent state west viginia. this is a good exaple of where redress of grvances / represnting teh conserns of ones consituents it top propity following both the dleigate model and trustee model in that he is doign what he persives as best for the people.

143
Q

what are teh main party caususes

A
  • democrat house causes
  • repulican senate csucus etc
144
Q

list 3 significnat committees

A
  • Senate Committee on Foreign Relations
  • the house rules comitee
  • Senate Committee on the Judiciary
145
Q

which comitee carries out invesigations

A
  • the senate judicary comitee
  • or a temporary selct comitee
146
Q

give an exaple of a select comitee

A
  • hillary libia terorist investigation - “House Select Committee on Benghazi.”
147
Q

give an example of a standing comitee chair

A
  • Joe Biden served as the Chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee
148
Q

give an exaple of a bill sponcered by a committee and passed

A
  • The Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA): This education reform bill was proposed and passed by the House Education and the Workforce Committee and the Senate Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions (HELP) Committee in 2015
149
Q

give an exaple of a bill sponcered bya astanding comitee that didnt pass

A

The Equality Act: This bill, sponsored by the House Judiciary Committee, aimed to prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity. It passed the House of Representatives in 2019 but did not receive a vote in the Senate

Darwin US Politics (5 decks)

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