US HISTORY EOC REVIEW Flashcards
(335 cards)
1
Q
Alvin York-
A
won Medal of Honor in Battle of Argonne Forrest, worked for Pershing
2
Q
Liberty Bonds-
A
Donate money to war effort and get the money back at the end of the war
3
Q
Taxes-
A
always increase in times of war, liberty bonds were not enough to pay for the entire war
4
Q
Tanks-
A
Used to break the stalemate of WWI by transporting small numbers of troops to the opponent’s trench
5
Q
Airplanes-
A
Used for recon/gathering information about the enemy
6
Q
Espionage Act-
A
encouraged citizens to spy on their neighbors, also limits the freedom of speech during wartime, the government looked through everyone’s mail
7
Q
Schenk v USA-
A
says that if your actions create a “clear and present danger” to the USA war effort you go to jail. Schenk tried to get men to resist the draft
8
Q
Argonne Forrest-
A
greatest battle of WWI, Pershing leads the AEF to victory over the Germans
9
Q
MANIA-
A
Causes of WWI in Europe- Militarism, Alliances, Nationalism, Imperialism, Assassination
10
Q
Henry Cabot Lodge-
A
isolationist senator who opposed the Treaty of Versailles because he thought it might bring us into more wars in Europe
11
Q
14 Points-
A
Create peace in Europe through freedom of seas, free trade, no more secret alliances, and League of Nations- did not want to punish Germany
12
Q
Causes of U.S. involvement in WWI-
A
Freedom of Seas (Lusitania sunk), Zimmerman Telegram, Brits and French getting beat up
13
Q
Woodrow Wilson-
A
progressive President that wanted to stay Neutral during WWI but ended up going in because of Zimmerman Telegram and Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
14
Q
Trench Warfare-
A
machine guns cause the need for trenches, tanks airplanes poison gas all come about
15
Q
Treaty of Versailles-
A
officially ends WWI, goes against the 14 points and punishes Germany for causing WWI
16
Q
Timeline of WWI-
A
Alliances, Assassination, WWI starts, Lusitania sunk, Sussex Sunk, Zimmerman Telegram, USA enters WWI
17
Q
Aftermath-
A
Europe is in shambles and the USA is untouched, this allows the USA to build the economy up
18
Q
Selective Service Act-
A
drafts millions of untrained civilians into the military, they join the American Expeditionary Force
19
Q
John J Pershing-
A
Leader of the American Expeditionary Force, took inexperienced troops and made them an effective military force
20
Q
Sussex Pledge
A
Pledge by the German gov that said submarines would warn ships before attacking
21
Q
Isolationism
A
After WWI we refuse to join League of Nations, put tariffs on imports, limit immigration, and collect war debts
22
Q
Cash and Carry-
A
In 1939 FDR allowed the sale of items to European nations as long as they paid in cash and arranged their own transport
23
Q
Flying Tigers-
A
volunteer American pilots who flew supplies into China to help against the Japanese
24
Q
Lend-Lease Act of 1941-
A
We were now allowed to sell waepons/military supplies freely with Allies, GB-France-China-USSR
25
Atlantic Charter-
Said what our goals were for once the war was over- 4 freedoms
26
Appeasement/Munich Conference-
Britain and France agreed to give Hitler Sudetenland so he would stop being aggressive
27
Pearl Harbor December 7 1941-
Japan attacks US, US declares war on Japan,Germany,Italy... Japan,Germany,Italy declare war on US
28
Victory Gardens
used to raise more food for home consumption
29
Propaganda-
literature and manipulation used to drum up support for the war. Made enemies look evil- Office of War Information (OWI)
30
Women
Worked in defense industry until men returned from WWII
31
Internment of Japanese Americans-
Executive Order 9066 allows the rounding up of Japanese to put in concentration camps
32
D-Day-
USA (led by General Omar Bradley) invades German held France on the beach of Normandy, opens a new front in Europe
33
Bataan Death March-
American and Filipino prisoners are forced to march northward into China
34
Navajo Code Talkers-
Native Americans who helped the US war effort by coding US messages to enemies could not understand them
35
Battle of Midway Island-
USA (led by Admiral Chester Nimitz) defeats Japan, turning point of Pacific Theatre
36
FDR and Truman-
presidents during WWII, Truman decides to drop the A-bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, ending the war with minimal US casualties
37
Vernon Baker-
African American soldier who was awarded the Medal of Honor
38
General George Patton-
tank warfare expert
39
Nuremburg War Crimes Tribunal-
established that National leaders are responsible for their wartime actions
40
Holocaust
Large scale Nazi program for the extermination of European Jews
41
Chester Nimitz
Commander of the US Navy in the Pacific who defeated the Japanese at the Battle of Midway
42
Domestic Effects of WWII
Volunteerism, African-American migration to the North, selling of war bonds, victory gardens, rationing of food and other goods, increased employment of women and minorities
43
Tuskegee Airmen
their skill and courage resulted in decreased opposition to integrating the armed forces
44
Atomic Bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Resulted in World War II ending with Japan surrendering to the allies
45
Rations
intended to conserve key resources in wartime
46
Racial Integration of the Armed Forces
difficult because of a lack of support for the concerns of minority ethnic groups
47
Omar Bradley
led the first American army in Normandy, France
48
Korematsu vs. US
Upheld Japanese internment (Executive Order 9066)
49
Cold War-
an over 40 year period of competition and confrontation between the US and the USSR. Capitalism vs. Communism
50
Containment
US foreign policy to prevent the spread of Communism through economic, diplomatic or military means
51
Truman Doctrine-
giving aid to Turkey and Greece.
52
Marshall Plan-
George Marshall suggested giving aid to war torn European countries to encourage Democracy over Communism
53
N.A.T.O.-North Atlantic Treaty Organization
democratic countries form an alliance to unite Western Europe against Communism
54
Warsaw pact-
Communist countries form an alliance
55
Berlin airlift-
1949.West Germany is formed making USSR angry, so they blockade West Berlin. US gives aid until USSR stops the blockade. This is the 1st time the policy of containment is tested
56
"Iron Curtain"-
an imaginary line dividing Communist from non Communist countries in Europe. Winston Churchill coined this phrase in a speech.
57
Sputnik
USSR launches 1st satellite in space in 1957 leading to the creation of NASA by the US in 1958 to start the space race and emphasizing math and science in schools
58
Korean War-
1950-1953 1st military conflict fought to stop the spread of Communism that ended in a tie and North(Communist) and South Korea(Democracy) were formed. 33,600 Am. Died.
59
McCarthyism-
Joseph McCarthy recreates the Red Scare in the 1950's by claiming he had a list of Communist supporters and investigated them with no proof. He was discredited in 1954, but created hysteria.
60
HUAC
House Un-American Activities Committee Congress used this investigate possible Communist sympathizers in US during the Cold War
61
Verona Papers-
report released in 1997 that showed the identities of several Americans who spied for the USSR during the Cold War.
62
Rosenberg trial-
Ethel and Julius were charged and later executed for selling the atomic bomb secret to the USSR.
63
Harry S. Truman-
US president from1945-1952, who ended WWII through the a-bomb, started containment and dealt with most of the Korean War.
64
Douglas MacArthur-
Commander in charge of the Philippines during WWII by using "island hopping" as well as the beginning of the Korean War until he was fired by Truman
65
Dwight D. Eisenhower-
D-Day commander during WWII who became president from 1953-1961, ended the Korean War and started the Interstate Highway System
66
Reasons for involvement in Korean War
American leaders felt it was important to resist communist aggression
67
Division of Germany
After WWII Germany was divided into parts by the allies
68
Bomb Shelters
Americans in the 1950s built these because much fear was created by the Cold War
69
1956 Interstate Highway Act
resulted in migration to the suburbs
70
Political System of American Democracy
A multi-party system, free to elect government officials
71
Organizations of American Democracy
Unions and other organizations openly negotiate with employers
72
Economic System of American Democarcy
Free enterprise system, supply and demand determines prices people meet their own needs with some limited government involvement
73
Political System of Soviet Communism
One political party, everyone shares, nationalization of industry
74
Organizations of Soviet Communism
All labor and other associations are run by the political party
75
Economic System of Soviet Communism
Industries and Farms are owned by the state, Central planners determine economic needs, limited private property, education and healthcare provided by the state
76
Relationship between the US and Soviet Union
became strained after World War II because each country believed that the other one was a threat to its security
77
78
They each formed competing military alliances
79
medical advancement in the 1950's-
Jonas Salk created the polio vaccine
80
Great Society-
LBJ's plan to fix social problems such as poverty and discrimination by more federal gov. involvement
81
JFK-
Dem Pres. from 1961-1963 who dealt with the Bay of Pigs, Cuban Missile Crisis and started the Peace Corps. Killed in Dallas Nov. 22, 1963
82
Roy Benavidez-
won the congressional medal of honor in the Vietnam War
83
LBJ-
Dem. Pres. from 1963-1969 who started a "War on Poverty" and "Great Society" by starting programs such as medicaid, foodstamps, etc. Caused a credibility gap with Americans over the Vietnam War.
84
Cuban Missile Crisis-
JFK blockaded Cuba and threatened nuclear war with the USSR after intelligence revealed nuclear missile launching sites. Resulted in the closest the world has ever come to nuclear war.
85
Domino theory-
foreign policy used for Vietnam with the idea that if we did not contain Communism in Vietnam, other Asian countries would fall
86
Tet offensive-
a surprise offensive attack by North Vietnam that reached as far a Saigon. This proved we were losing and should get out of the war.
87
Credibility gap-
due to the T.V. war, more Americans believed LBJ was lying about our success in the Vietnam War
88
26th Amendment-
lowered the voting age to 18 due to protests of the Vietnam War and the draft being imposed
89
Counter Culture/beats-
young people rebelled against the Vietnam War and authority in general
90
Kent/Jackson State Massacres-
College students were killed by National Gaurdsmen during peaceful protests because Nixon sent troops to Cambodia
91
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution-
Gave LBJ the power to wage war without officially declaring war
92
Vietnamization
Nixon's idea to train S. Vietman troops to fight instead of using Americans, did not work, they weren't good enough
93
Ho Chi Minh-
Leader of Communist North Vietnam, originally trained by USA to fight Japanese during WWII, turns on us when we take South's side
94
Vietnam War-
War fought in Vietnam to prevent the spread of communism. Vietnam is communist today.
95
Barry Goldwater-
ran for president and lost in 1964, but started conservative politics with silent majority
96
economic boom of the 1950's-
Due to G.I. bill helping with housing and education
97
communist Cuba-
US embargoes Cuba to try to get them to not be Communist.
98
effects of space exploration-
led to advances in American daily lives like gps and memory foam mattresses
99
Vietcong
South Vietnamese Communists
100
US Trade Embargo against Cuba
enacted in the 1960s to encourage political change in Cuba
101
Effects of Space Technology and Exploration
led to advances in quality of life for most Americans, with inventions such as GPS, cordless power tools, and temperpedic mattresses.
102
Economic Opportunity Act
created programs such as Job Corps and Head Start
103
Voting Rights Act of 1965
ended race-based restrictions on voting
104
Medicare/Medicaid Act
provided medical coverage for the elderly and disabled
105
Television Coverage of the Vietnam War
brought the brutality of the war into American Homes
106
The Beats of the 1950s and the Youth Culture of the 1960s
both challenged conformity to "Establishment" Thinking
107
Responses to the Vietnam War
Anti-War Movement
108
Silent Majority
109
Americans distrust government leaders
110
Demand for 26th amendment, permitting 18 year olds to vote
111
Constitutional Issue raised by President Johnson's Great Society
How far can the federal government extend itself in helping the less fortunate?
112
Why the United States became involved in the Vietnam War
to prevent the spread of Communism in Indochina
113
JFK's "We choose to go to the moon" speech
purpose was to win public support for surpassing the Soviet Union in the space race
114
Chicano Movement-
civil rights movement for hispanics. Lead by Hector Garcia and Cesar Chavez (farming), Chicano Murals made people appreciate Mexican Culture
115
Black Power-
aggressive and often violent civil rights movement for African Americans. Malcolm X is one of the leaders. Black Panthers associated with this
116
Sit Ins-
disrupt white businesses through taking up space- MLK
117
Bus Boycotts-
don't use buses in Montgomery Alabama, hurts white businesses- MLK
118
Little Rock Nine-
first black kids to go to historically white school after Brown v Board of Education, escorted by national guard- MLK
119
Ghetto Riots-
broke out throughout country after the assassination of MLK
120
Betty Friedan-
feminine mystique, burn bras, take the power away from men, stay at home moms were slaves
121
Title IX-
equal money for boys and girls athletics
122
AIM
American Indian movement, pushed for greater understanding of Native Americans
123
Occupation of Alcatraz/Wounded Knee-
essentially a sit-in to show that Native Americans cannot be ignored anymore
124
Freedom Rides-
buses with blacks and white went through the south to show that people can get along. They were met by racists all along the way. This happened after the integration of interstate (between 2 states) travel- MLK
125
NOW-
national organization for women, what do we want? Equal Pay Act, when do we want it? NOW!
126
Plessy v Ferguson 1896-
separate but equal is established, whites-blacks-hispanics-asians all can potentially have their own schools
127
Mendez v Westminster 1947-
In California segregation of hispanic kids was ruled as unconstitutional, whites and hispanics now go to school together
128
Delgado v Bastrop 1948-
same as Mendez v Westminster just in Texas
129
Brown v Board of Education 1954-
separate but equal is done away with (gets rid of Plessy v Ferguson)
130
Hernandez v Texas 1954-
did away with all white juries, now hispanics and blacks can get on juries
131
Miranda v Arizona 1966-
Miranda rights are read to people before arrest, right to remain silent...
132
Roe v Wade 1973
legalized abortion, gave power of choice to women
133
Civil Rights Act 1957-
supported the Brown v Board decision, furthering the push for the end of segregation
134
Civil Rights Act 1964-
expands the civil rights act to include race, sex, nationality, gender, religion. Essentially cements the civil rights movement.
135
Voting Rights Act 1965-
did away with roadblocks (poll taxes, literacy tests) for black voting
136
Thurgood Marshall-
Became the first African American on the Supreme Court
137
Governors Wallace, Orval Faubus and Maddux-
white Souther Democrat racists that opposed the end of segregation
138
Civil Disobedience
non-violent, passive resistance to unjust laws; successfully brought about legislative changes
139
Primary goal of Southern Democrats in Congress
To maintain the status quo in the south
140
Women's wages
The earnings gap between men and women only slightly improved between 1960 and 1990
141
Letter from Birmingham Jail
MLK wrote this, states that an "unjust law is no law at all", showed support for civil disobedience
142
Goal of Civil Rights Movement
end racial segregation
143
Mexican American litigation during the 1940s and 1950s
Goal was to eliminate the legal segregation of Mexican Americans
144
Black Panthers
were willing to use violence to achieve their goals of equality
145
Women's liberation movement
Goal was guaranteeing women equal pay for equal work
146
Polio Vaccine
created by Jonas Salk, advancement in medicine in 1950s
147
Baby Boom
after WWII increase in births
148
GI Bill
increased the demand for housing and education resulting in economic prosperity of the 1950s
149
Lionel Sosa-
founder of the largest Hispanic advertising agency in the US
150
Phyllis Schafly-
opposed the feminist movement and the ERA saying it harmed traditional women. Became a leader for the conservative movement
151
Ronald Reagan-
conservative rep. pres from 1981-1989. Was given credit for ending the Cold war and increasing the national debt
152
Sandra Day O'Connor-
1st woman appointed to the US supreme court by Pres. Reagan
153
Estee Lauder-
female entrepreneur who built a global cosmetic company
154
Robert Johnson-
founder of Black Entertainment Television or BET and first black billionaire
155
Bill Clinton-
Dem. Pres. From 1993-2001 presidency is clouded by lewinsky scandal and impeachment trial
156
Sam Walton-
founder of Walmart and Sam's
157
Bill Gates-
billionaire founder of Microsoft
158
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Coutries(OPEC)-oil embargo-
Arab nations stop selling US oil causing a gas shortage
159
Camp David accords-
pres. Carter negotiated peace between Israel(Jews) and Egypt(muslims)
160
Iran hostage crisis-
US helps ousted Shah(ruler) of Iran get medical attention. Rebels hated US for helping him and supporting Israel. Rebels take US hostages. They are released as soon as Carter left office and Reagan is inaugurated
161
Stagflation-
high unemployment and high inflation. Solved by lowering taxes and gov. easing laws on producers
162
Community Reinvestment Act-
Pres. Carter passed to require banks to loan money to low income families to allow them the ablility to buy homes
163
Environmental Protection agency-
EPA. Pres. Nixon passed to protect the environment by setting pollution
164
Endangered Species Act-
allows the fish and wildlife service to list and protect plants and animals in danger of extinction
165
Tinker V. Des Moines-
supreme court case that protected students' 1st amendment rights by them being allowed to wear arm bands to protest the Vietnam war
166
Richard Nixon-
rep. pres. from 1969-1974. eased cold war tensions through friendship with China and passage of S.A.L.T resigns from office due to Watergate scandal
167
"Contract with America"-
a policy platform done by conservative Republicans(Newt Gingrich) in the 1990's during Clinton's presidency
168
Reaganomics-
supply side economics, intended to allow for rapid economic growth, but resulted in lowering inflation and increasing the national debt.
169
North American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA)-
phased out tariffs between the US, Canada and Mexico to encourage trade.
170
Persian Gulf War-
Desert Storm. Bush gets Saddam Hussein, leader of Iraq ,out of Kuwait to protect oil interests.
171
Balkan crisis-
NATO and US stop genocide in Bosnia and Kosovo by the Serbs in the 1990's
172
Moral Majority and NRA-
Conservative Christians and gun owners getting involved in wanting conservative politics
173
President Nixon's Visit to China in 1972
Reduced tensions between US and Communist China
174
US Foreign Policy Goals
America took an active role in maintaining peace and stopping oppression throughout the world
175
Watergate Scandal
President Nixon resigns, shows that even the President is bound by the rules of the Constitution
176
US participation in the United Nations and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
demonstrated US participation in international organizations to enhance its security
177
Miranda vs. Arizona
people accused of crime must be informed of their constitutional rights
178
Roe vs. Wade
legalized abortion, continued controversy after the Supreme Court's decision showed the the religious right was a significant political force
179
End of the Cold War
USSR collapsed, Clinton proposed cuts on defense spending
180
Impact of Air Conditioning, Construction of Federal Highways, and the building of dams and aqueducts
American population shifted towards South and West
181
Ross Perot
Ran an independent presidential campaign in the election of 1992; He sharply criticized the Bush administration, making it harder for President Bush to be reelected.
182
September 11 Attacks
President Bush declared a Global War on Terror, creates department of Homeland Security, sponsored the USA PATRIOT Act.
183
Globalization
multi-national corporations like Coca Cola are doing business all over the world.
184
Sonia Sotomayor
first Hispanic Justice on the Supreme Court
185
Hurricane Katrina
brought highest storm surge and waves ever recorded to hit North America. It greatly exceeded the engineering design of the New Orleans levees (embankment designed to keep a river from flooding)
186
Iran Contra Affair
Officials sold weapons to Iran to free hostages; the proceeds helped to supply Contras in Nicaragua, despite a Congressional ban.
187
Election of 2000-
Al Gore wins popular vote, Bush wins Electoral College after Florida recounts are halted by Supreme Court
188
37145
Bush declares Global War on Terror, creates DHS, and passes Patriot Act
189
War in Afghanistan-
went in to get Al Queda, OBL, and get rid of Taliban (who allowed AQ to operate in the country) This was the immediate response to 9/11
190
War in Iraq-
Originally to get rid of WMDs, turns into a war to set up democracy in Middle East
191
Abu Ghraib-
Prison in Iraq where American Soldiers mistreated prisoners, leads to unpopularity of Iraq War
192
Financial Crisis of 2008-
Economy falls apart because housing market bursts
193
2008 Election-
Inexperienced Senator from Illinois wins the Presidency on the promise of Hope and Change
194
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act-
pushes 700 billion dollars into economy
195
Obamacare-
forces people to purchase healthcare. May eventually make healthcare cheaper, currently not working well
196
Sonia Sotomayor-
First Hispanic on the Supreme Court
197
New tech-
GPS, LED, transistor, integrated circuits, computers
198
Production advances-
robotics, "just-in-time" production
199
Immigration-
Population has doubled since 1950, partly due to illegal immigration
200
Sun Belt-
people have continued to move here (the south and the west)
201
Globalization-
multi-national corporations like Coca-Cola now operate throughout the world
202
Global Warming-
the earth has been getting warmer since 1885, Al Gore thinks this is because of pollution, some evidence says its not a big deal
203
Energy-
world population has doubled since 1900, leading to a huge increase in energy consumption
204
Rap-
originally used to expose the plight of young black men
205
Reality TV-
Gives an escape to people and allows them to live another person's life
206
Super Hero Movies-
retelling of the story of Christ, people wanted a savior after 9/11
207
Hurricane Katrina-
kills 1,800 people in Mississippi Delta, shows mother nature cannot be stopped, hurts gas industry badly
208
Barack Obama-
44th President of the US, emphasizes moral principles when dealing with foreign countries
209
George W. Bush-
As Commander in Chief he sent troops to Iraq and Afghanistan
210
No Child Left Behind-
changes the education system in the USA, Ties federal money to test scores, President Bush put this in place
211
Jazz Age/Harlem Renaissance-
Rebirth of African American culture, arts, music etc., many people of other races embraced the new Jazz music
212
Tin Pan Alley
this was the location of the NY music publishing industry
213
Impact of the Car-
cars fuel the economic boom by letting people get places fast, cheap and easy, this leads to suburbs and shopping malls
214
20s immigration-
the red scare leads to the government limiting immigrants from communist South and East Europe
215
18th Amendment
prohibits sale and manufacture of alcohol, people actively break this law leading to a decrease in respect for the law and the creation of organized crime
216
Assembly-line
uses replaceable parts and unskilled labor to make cars and other things cheaply and very quickly
217
Sacco/Vanzetti
convicted and executed because of mass hysteria against foreigners due to the rise of nativism
218
Henry Ford-
founded Ford motor co. in 1903, adopted the assembly line and interchangeable parts to produce the model t. became the largest car manufacturer in the world in his lifetime.
219
Frances Willard
Woman Founder of the Women's Christian Temperance Union and pushed for the 18th amendment/prohibition of alcohol
220
Scopes Monkey Triel
Defense attorney Clarence Darrow representing John Scopes, William Jennings Bryan prosecutor against John Scopes, Conflict between religion and science
221
Langston Hughes-
African American poet during Harlem Rennaissance
222
Marcus Garvey-
African American who supported Black Nationalism, black-owned businesses and the Back to Africa Movement(Liberia)
223
Warren Harding-
Republican President from 1921-1923, wanted to "return to normalcy" meaning going back to a peacetime economy. 3 big scandals(ohio gang,tea pot dome, forbes medical)
224
Great Migration
Many African Americans moved from the South to the North primarily because more factory jobs were available in the North
225
Women in 1920s
many were known as "flappers", they rejected traditional restrictions in favor of demonstrating their independence
226
Roaring 20s
known as the Roaring 20s, in part, because of the economic growth of the 1920s
227
Ku Klux Klan in 1920s
During the 1920s the KKK promoted hatred towards people of various racial and religious backgrounds
228
Nativism
racism towards immigrants
229
New Immigrants
immigrants mainly from southern and eastern Europe who were NOT protestant, English speaking or white
230
Chinese Exclusion Act
California workers pushed to the gov. to ban Chinese immigration and them becoming citizens if they were already here.
231
Angel/Ellis Island
Asian/Europe(immigrants entered us here)
232
Americanization
teaching immigrants American culture. Immigrants worried about their own cultures and traditions disappearing
233
William "boss" Tweed
leader of the most famous political machine(group of corrupt people) in New York
234
Tammany Hall-
The most famous political machine in New York
235
Homestead Act-
sought to settle the west (Great Plains) by giving away land to farmers if they lived on and cultivated the land, lack of timber made it difficult to build on the Great Plains
236
Dawes Act-
outlawed native american tribes, encouraged Native Americans to become Americanized
237
Barbed wire-
new technology that ended the open range allowing farmers and ranchers to enclose land
238
Urbanization
movement of people from the coutryside(rural) to cities(urban), many moved to work factory jobs
239
Gospel of wealth-
coined by Andrew Carnegie, he claimed the rich have a responsibility to give their money away in order to help others
240
Social Darwinism-
applying Charles Darwin's theory "survival of the fittest" to society. Only the strongest with succeed and forget the rest.
241
Sherman Anti-trust Act-
1st gov. law to prohibit monopolies and protect competition between companies
242
Assimilation
to make similar(in the case of native Americans and immigrants)
243
Ida B . Wells
civil rights activist who advocated stoppage of lynching
244
Muckrakers
journalists who exposed problems due to rapid industrialization and immigration
245
Progressives
Supported the ideas that the federal government should prevent unfair business practices, that the people should have greater control in the government, and that the general welfare of Americans need to be improved.
246
17th amendment
direct election of senators, Senators had to listen to the people
247
19th amendment
Women's Suffrage (the right to vote) Susan B. Anthony pushed for this at the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848
248
Political machines
corrupt bosses who accepted bribes in return for favors
249
Woodrow Wilson
Progressive president. Introduced the Federal Reserve System to regulate the money supply, enacted proposals similar to the Progressive Party
250
Populist platform-
mainly farmers who wanted more silver(to create more money), national income tax (16th amendment), and the direct election of senators (17th amendment)
251
Social Gospel Movement
Belief that every man is his brother's keeper and that people should help the poor. Progressives agreed with them.
252
Iniative, referendum, and recall
gave voters more say in government and increased voter participation
253
Jane Addams
started the settlement house, Hull House, in Chicago to help assimilate poor immigrants
254
W.E.B Dubois
Radical African American civil rights activist who founded the N.A.A.C.P. and demanded equality
255
Plessy vs. Ferguson
supreme court case in 1896 that started the philosophy of "separate but equal", which allowed legalized segregation
256
Upton Sinclair
muckraker who exposed the meat packing industry in his book, The Jungle. This led to the meat inspection act and pure food act, which gave consumers protection
257
Interstate Commerce Commission
government agency created to regulate big business for the interests of the people.
258
Problems of Farmers
Overproduction, debt, being treated poorly by the railroads
259
Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act
acts spurred on by muckrakers designed to help protect consumers
260
Jacob Riis
In his book "How the Other Half Lives" he discusses how cities (and the tenements in cities) are overcrowded with poor people and that cities cannot handle new arrivals
261
Nativists
People opposed to immigration; they would have been in support of the Chinese Exclusion Act which stopped immigration of the Chinese into the US
262
Industrialization
Resulted in people continually moving to the cities (urban areas) because of factory and workshop jobs
263
New Immigrants
People from Southern and Eastern Europe who moved to the United States; they faced nativism (prejudice/hatred) because their cultural backgrounds were different than most Americans.
264
Americanization/Assimilation
Process of making immigrants culture/way of life like those of Americans (example: learning English)
265
Standard Oil Company
Rockefeller's monopoly over the oil industry; used its economic power to sway government decisions
266
Why farmers wanted the free and unlimited coinage of silver
increase crop prices and make it easier to repay loans
267
Angel Island
where Asian immigrants came into America
268
FDIC
federal deposit insurance corporation,1933 guaranteed bank deposits up to $2500 to protect bank customers' money
269
CCC
Civilian Conservation Corps.,1933 gave jobs single men ages 18-25 for natural resource conservation
270
PWA
Public Works Administration,1933 provided employment in construction of airports, parks, schools and roads
271
TVA
Tennessee Valley Authority,1933 built hydroelectric plants and dams aimed at improving seven Southern states and attracting industry to the South
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AAA
Agricultural Adjustment Act,1933 reduced agricultural surplus and raised prices for struggling farmers, also paid some farmers for their crops
273
FERA
Federal Emergency Relief Administration 1933, granted federal money to state and local governments to be used to help the unemployed
274
WPA
Works Progress Administration 1935, created jobs to paint murals and create other artworks
275
SEC
Securities and Exchange Commission, 1934 regulates the stock market to avoid dishonest practices
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Eleanor Roosevelt-
married to FDR and who fought for rights for the poor, women, and African Americans
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Franklin D. Roosevelt-
president of the U.S. from 1933-1945 during the Great Depression and World War II. He proposed many New Deal laws, such as the Social Security Act, FDIC, and SEC to try to fix the depression under the three R's- Relief, Recovery, Reform.
278
SSA
Social Security Act, 1935 part of FDR's 2nd New Deal that created unemployment benefits, disability insurance, old-age pension and child welfare benefits
279
Dust bowl-
located in the Great Plains(midwest) a series of heavy winds that carried top soil away causing many deaths and over a million farmers to lose their land
280
Mexican Repatriation Act-
passed during Hoover's presidency. Forced more than a half a million Mexican immigrants back to Mexico during the Great Depression to create jobs for Americans.
281
Causes of the Great Depression-
1. overproduction.2. speculation in the stock market, buying stocks on margin.3. Shaky Banking practices.4. restricted international trade. 5. uneven distribution of wealth between the rich and poor.
282
Court Packing Plan-
FDR's attempt to add six judges to the Supreme Court to stop the court from overturning his laws. This was blocked by Congress.
283
John Steinbeck-
writer who wrote about the misery of the Great Depression. In his book, The Grapes of Wrath, he wrote about Oakies(farmers from Oklahoma) migrating to the West due to the Dust Bowl
284
Herbert Hoover-
President of the U.S. from 1929-1933 who was blamed for the Great Depression by Americans. He did not believe in direct government assistance, but relied on voluntarism to fix the Depression
285
Dorothea Lange-
photographer who recorded the misery of the Great Depression
286
Great Depression-
started October 29, 1929 and with the crash of the stock market and ended at the beginning of U.S. entry into WWII. This was the United States worst economic depression in our history
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New Deal-
a series of laws passed during FDR's presidency to try to fix the Great Depression. It permanently increased the size and power of the federal government
288
New Deal Critics
Conservatives believed the New Deal threatened the capitalist economic system of the US
289
Federal Reserve System
Provides a stable supply of money and credit for the US, sets interests rates, supervises and regulates banks
290
Fireside Chats
FDR's communication with American people to comfort them
291
Imperialism-
economic, military, or political domination of a stronger nation over a weaker nation
292
Treaty of Paris 1898
ended the Sp.-Am. War. Terms: Cuba is independent; US gets Guam, Puerto Rico, and buys the Philippines
293
Monroe doctrine-
passed in 1823 where US tells Europe to stay out of the Western hemisphere.
294
Rough riders-
cavalry group led by T. Roosevelt that helped win the Sp. Am. War. Most important battle was San Juan Hill
295
De Lome letter-
Spanish ambassador who bashed Pres. McKinley. One of the causes of the Sp.- Am. War
296
Yellow journalism-
exaggerated writing that tells very little truth and is designed to make money and persuade public opinion
297
Chinese exclusion act-
passed in 1882, was the first law to restrict immigration based on ethnicity and limited Chinese in America in the early 1900's
298
Big Stick Policy-
Roosevelt's "speak softly and carry a big stick". Using the military to bully and police Latin America
299
Josiah Strong-
a christian missionary that believed Anglo-saxionism(false belief that English speaking people were superior) and it was our christian duty to Christianize other countries
300
Panama canal-
reduce time and distance from east coast to west and control Latin America, critics say it destroyed land in Panama, mudslides and heavy rain slowed construction
301
Platt amendment-
US makes Cuba add this in constitution and said we could intervene economically, militarily, and/or politically making it an American protectorate
302
effects of the Spanish-American War-
US becomes a world power, US acquires territories(Guam, Puerto Rico, Philippines)
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USS Maine-
one of the causes of the Sp.-Am. War. This ship was sent to Cuba to remove Americans and is blown up killing over 200. years later we learn Spain did not blow up this ship.
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Roosevelt Corollary-
TR used this to tell the world the US was now the "world police" and justified sending troops to the West Indies and Central America- good example is collecting debts from central American Countries
305
Causes of the Spanish-American War-
yellow journalism, delome letter, sinking of the USS Maine, protecting economic interests(SUGAR)
306
Dollar diplomacy-
Pres. Taft's foreign policy to use money instead of force to make and keep allies in the world
307
Alfred T. Mahan-
a naval officer that writes a book that greatly influenced the US to build a modern, powerful navy
308
Sanford B. Dole-
becomes president and governor of Hawaii after Queen Liliuokalani is overthrown. His family is Dole pineapple co.
309
Open Door Policy With China
idea that all countries should have equal access to trade in China, created by John Hay, led to Boxer Rebellion
310
Boxer Rebellion
A violent uprising in China, the Boxers violently tried to drive out foreign people and Christians from China
311
Labor union
a group of workers joining together to improve working conditions/pay
312
Samuel Gompers
founder of the American Federation of Labor(AFL)
313
American Federation of Labor(AFL)
union that pushed for better working conditions(8 hr. day) and closed shops
314
Knights of Labor
union that pushed for safety codes, equal pay, and no child labor
315
Bessemer process
a new production technique of melting steel make production of steel cheaper and in large quantities
316
Monopoly(trust)
a corporation that controls an industry and limits competition
317
Andrew Carnegie
one of the wealthiest men in America in the Gilded Age who controlled the steel industry and later used "gospel of wealth" to give away a lot of money(philanthropy)
318
Laissez- faire
gov. policy to stay out of the economy and not interfere with businesses
319
Industrialization
a shift in the economy from farming to factories. Leads to problems(poor working conditions, more skilled workers etc.)
320
Sherman Anti-trust Act
1st gov. law to break up monopolies and protect competition between companies
321
tools of management
scabs, lockouts, open shops, violence, blacklisting
322
Tools of labor
boycotts, closed shops, strikes, violence
323
John D. Rockefeller
wealthiest man in the Gilded Age who founded Standard Oil and believed God gave him the power to make money
324
Free enterprise system(capitalism)
economic system in which supply and demand determine price
325
Thomas Edison
inventor during the Gilded Age who in invented the lightbulb, phonograph, motion picture camera etc.
326
Alexander G. Bell
invented the telephone
327
Transcontinental Railroad
Allowed Americans to settle unclaimed territory in the west (i.e. Great Plains), growth of cities, transport goods and people easily
328
Haymarket Riot
a group of labor demonstrators turned angry, a bomb exploded killing people including a cop. It caused the decline of the Knights of Labor
329
Robber Baron
a company owner who became wealthy through unethical means(bad guy)
330
Captain of industry
a company owner who becomes wealthy and is a philanthropist (charitable, good guy)
331
Cornelius Vanderbilt
also known as "Commodore" he was an American business owner and philanthropist, built his wealth in railroads, created a monopoly
332
Urbanization
Shift in population from living in rural areas (countryside) to urban areas (cities), increases in birth rates and immigration rates accelerated urbanization
333
Tariff
a tax on imports or exports
334
Interstate Commerce Act
US law to regulate railroads, required that railroad rates be "reasonable and just"
335
Philanthropy
the desire to help others, the generous donation of money to good causes
