US Politics P2

Question 1

1. Analyse and evaluate three aspects of the US Constitution.

Answer 1

Point: The Constitution is a product of its time. Example: The initial omission of addressing slavery.Significance: Highlights the limitations of a document created within a specific historical context; its flaws reflect the societal norms of the time.

Point: The Constitution establishes a system of checks and balances. Example: The order of the Articles (Congress, President, Supreme Court). Significance: Prevents any one branch from becoming too powerful, promoting a balance of power.

Point: The Constitution’s amendment process allows for adaptation .Example: The 27 amendments over 200 years demonstrate a capacity for change. Significance: Allows the Constitution to address evolving social and political realities.

Question 2

2. Explain and analyse three principles of the Constitution.

Answer 2

Point: Separation of Powers Example: Hillary Clinton’s resignation from the Senate to become Secretary of State. Significance: Prevents one person or party from dominating the system.

Point: Checks and Balances Example: Presidential vetoes, congressional impeachment, judicial review. Significance: Prevents any one branch from dominating the government.

Point: Protection of Individual Rights Example: The Bill of Rights protects freedom of religion, speech, press, and assembly. Significance: Provides a framework for individual freedom and protection from government overreach.

Question 3

3. Explain and analyse three types of federalism.

Answer 3

Point: Dual Federalism (1790-1930) Example: Limited federal government; states governed themselves. Significance: Clear separation of powers, but inadequate for national crises.

Point: Cooperative Federalism (1930-1960) Example: Increased federal intervention (New Deal, Great Society). Significance: More centralized system, but raised concerns about federal overreach.

Point: New Federalism (1960-2000) Example: Roe v Wade reversal (power returned to states). Significance: Attempt to roll back federal power, but the US largely remains in a cooperative federalism model.

Question 4

4. Explain and analyse three aspects of federal-state relations.

Answer 4

Point: State Powers Example: States regulate elections, maintain national guards, pass state laws. Significance: Allows for policy experimentation and diversity, but can create inconsistencies.

Point: Federal Powers Example: Maintaining armed forces, foreign policy, declaring war, regulating currency. Significance: Federal government retains ultimate authority on national matters.

Point: Concurrent Powers Example: Making constitutional amendments (Congress and states). Significance: Ensures both levels of government have decision-making power.

Question 5

5. Explain and analyse three arguments that the states retain autonomy and authority.

Answer 5

Point: Variation in state laws. Example: Different stances on the death penalty across states. Significance: States retain autonomy, reflecting diverse social and political values.

Point: State autonomy in handling national crises. Example: State-level declarations of emergency during COVID-19. Significance: States have flexibility to tailor responses based on their needs.

Point: Supreme Court support for states over the federal government. Example: United States v. Texas (2016) striking down Obama’s immigration executive order. Significance: Highlights limitations on executive power; significant policy changes require legislative approval.

Question 6

6. Explain and analyse three arguments that the federal government challenges state autonomy.

Answer 6

Point: Federal encroachment on state issues. Example: The No Child Left Behind Act expanding federal involvement in education. Significance: Demonstrates the “marble cake” model of cooperative federalism.

Point: Federal response to national crises. Example: The federal government’s response to Hurricane Katrina. Significance: Another example of the “marble cake” model of federalism.

Point: Federal influence on healthcare. Example: The Medicare Prescription Drug Modernization Act (2003). Significance: Demonstrates federal government’s influence on traditionally state-level issues.

Question 7

7. Explain and analyse three advantages of amending the US Constitution.

Answer 7

Point: High thresholds prevent hasty changes. Example: Only 27 amendments in over 200 years. Significance: Ensures amendments reflect broad consensus and careful consideration.

Point: Allows for repeal of obsolete clauses. Example: Potential reform of the Electoral College or Second Amendment. Significance: Enables adaptation to modern circumstances.

Point: Avoids singling out specific groups for protection. Example: Rights are defended through federal and state laws, avoiding potential biases in constitutional amendments. Significance: Ensures more equal protection of rights.

Question 8

8. Ways the Bill of Rights protects civil rights and liberties.

Answer 8

Point: Explicit protection against government overreach. Example: Guarantees of freedom of religion, speech, and assembly. Significance: These rights are protected from government infringement.

Point: Limiting federal government power. Example: The Ninth and Tenth Amendments. Significance: These amendments limit federal power and protect states’ rights.

Point: Supreme Court interpretation. Example: Miranda v. Arizona interpreting the Sixth Amendment. Significance: The Supreme Court can interpret the Bill of Rights in a modern context.

Question 9

9. Explain and analyse three ways the US Constitution has been described as a poor defender of civil rights.

Answer 9

Point: Lack of explicit protection for certain rights. Example: The struggle for women’s rights and the Equal Rights Amendment. Significance: Demonstrates the Constitution’s limitations in protecting individual rights.

Point: Non-entrenched nature of rights. Example: The overturning of Roe v. Wade. Significance: Rights are at the mercy of Supreme Court decisions.

Point: Absence of certain human rights protections. Example: The continued legality of the death penalty. Significance: The Constitution’s vagueness leads to a lack of protection in certain areas.

Question 10

10. Explain and analyse three ways in which the president checks Congress.

Answer 10

Point: Presidential Vetoes Example: President Obama’s veto of the Keystone XL pipeline. Significance: Prevents Congress from passing legislation the President opposes.

Point: Executive Orders Example: Trump’s travel ban. Significance: Allows the President to implement policies without direct congressional approval.

Point: Deployment of troops overseas. Example: Bush’s invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq. Significance: Allows for swift military action without immediate congressional approval.

Question 11

3. Explain and analyse three functions of Congress.

Answer 11

Point: Representation Example: The push for Congress to reflect the diversity of American society. Significance: Ensures democratic accountability; the 116th Congress was the most diverse yet.

Point: Legislation Example: The large volume of bills introduced in Congress (10,000-14,000). Significance: Highlights Congress’s lawmaking function, but also its decreasing effectiveness due to polarization.

Point: Oversight Example: Investigations into Trump’s alleged Russian connections. Significance: Demonstrates Congress’s ability to check presidential power, even during periods of divided government.

Question 12

5. Explain and analyse three ways party allegiance is important in Congress.

Answer 12

Point: Party control determines legislative agenda. Example: The party in power controls committee assignments and the legislative calendar. Significance: The majority party sets the agenda and influences which bills are considered.

Point: Party discipline affects voting patterns. Example: Members typically vote along party lines. Significance: Party loyalty influences legislative outcomes; bipartisan cooperation is often difficult.

Point: Party leadership shapes legislative strategy. Example: Party leaders negotiate with the executive branch and manage legislative strategy. Significance: Party leaders play a crucial role in shaping legislative outcomes.

Question 13

6. Explain and analyse three ways in which Congress can be said to perform its legislative function effectively.

Answer 13

Point: Passage of transformative legislation. Example: The First Step Act (2018) criminal justice reform. Significance: Demonstrates Congress’s ability to achieve bipartisan compromise and pass significant legislation.

Point: Passage of emergency legislation. Example: The CARES Act (2020) in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Significance: Shows Congress’s capacity for swift and decisive action during crises.

Point: Rejection of executive-proposed legislation. Example: The low percentage of bills becoming law (2-3%). Significance: Acts as a check on the executive and ensures careful consideration of legislation.

Question 14

7. Explain and analyse three ways in which Congress can be said to perform its legislative function ineffectively.

Answer 14

Point: Difficulty in overriding presidential vetoes. Example: Low success rate of veto overrides. Significance: Party polarization makes achieving the necessary supermajority extremely difficult.

Point: Increased use of “closed rules” in the House. Example: Rules forbidding amendments limit the ability of Congress to improve legislation. Significance: Reduces the flexibility and responsiveness of the legislative process.

Point: Legislative gridlock due to party polarization. Example: The use of the filibuster in the Senate. Significance: Slows down the legislative process and makes passing legislation difficult.

Question 15

8. Explain and analyse three reasons why Congress might be described as effective in its oversight function.

Answer 15

Point: Voting against or not voting on executive-supported legislation. Example: Congressional opposition to some of Clinton’s healthcare reforms. Significance: Acts as a check on executive power.

Point: Investigations of the executive branch.Example: Congressional investigations into executive branch actions. Significance: The threat of investigation motivates the executive to act responsibly.

Point: Impeachment. Example: The impeachment of Donald Trump. Significance: Impeachment is the ultimate check on executive power.

Question 16

9. Explain and analyse three reasons why Congress might be described as ineffective in its oversight function.

Answer 16

Point: Ineffective oversight during unified government.Example: Limited oversight during the Bush administration with a Republican-controlled Congress.Significance: Oversight is often weaker when the same party controls both branches.
Point: Presidents circumventing Congress with executive orders.Example: Trump’s use of executive orders.
Significance: Executive orders allow presidents to implement policies without congressional approval.Point: Presidents circumventing Congress with executive agreements.Example: Obama’s Iran nuclear deal.Significance: Executive agreements allow presidents to bypass the Senate’s treaty ratification process.

Question 17

10. Explain and analyse three reasons why Congress might be described as effective in using its power of the purse.

Answer 17

Point: Power of the purse as a check on the executive.Example: Republican-controlled Congress blocking Obama’s pandemic preparedness funding.Significance: The power of the purse is a crucial check on executive power.
Point: Executive concessions to avoid government shutdowns.Example: Clinton compromising on the budget to avoid a shutdown.Significance: Congress’s power of the purse forces executive compromise.
Point: Government shutdowns as a deterrent.Example: The cost of government shutdowns (e.g., under Trump).Significance: The high cost of shutdowns demonstrates the power of the purse.

Question 18

11. Explain and analyse three reasons why Congress might be described as ineffective in using its power of the purse.

Answer 18

Point: Inability to prevent government shutdowns.Example: Shutdowns under Clinton, Obama, and Trump.Significance: Demonstrates the dysfunctionality of the budget process.
Point: Pork barrel spending.Example: Billions spent on pork barrel projects.Significance: Wasteful spending and potential for corruption.
Point: Presidents using emergency powers to bypass Congress.Example: Trump’s attempt to use emergency powers for border wall funding.Significance: Creates a precedent for future presidents to bypass Congress.

Question 19

13. Explain and analyse three ways in which committees play an important role in Congress.

Answer 19

Point: Determining rules of congress.Example: House rules comittee .Significance: Committees influnece the agenda of the debate
Point: Conducting investigations.Example: The House Homeland Security Committee investigating terrorism.Significance: Allows Congress to identify problems and policy failures.
Point: Confirming presidential appointments.Example: Senate Judiciary Committee hearings on Merrick Garland.Significance: Ensures that presidential appointments are in the interest of Congress.

Question 20

14. Explain and analyse three ways that members of Congress represent their constituents.

Answer 20

Point: Communicating with constituents.Example: Town hall meetings and social media.Significance: Keeps constituents informed and allows for feedback.
Point: Passing legislation and securing pork barrel projects.Example: Voting on legislation and securing funding for local projects.Significance: Demonstrates responsiveness to constituents’ needs, although pork barrel spending is wasteful.
Point: Committee membership.Example: Senator Roberts securing funding and crop insurance for his state.Significance: Allows members to advocate for their state’s interests.

Question 21

15. Explain and analyse three examples that Congress does not perform its representative functions well.

Answer 21

Point: Lack of diversity in Congress.Example: Underrepresentation of Hispanics in the 117th Congress.Significance: Congress does not fully reflect the diversity of American society.
Point: Poor oversight during unified government.Example: Limited oversight during the Bush administration.Significance: Oversight is often weaker when the same party controls both branches.
Point: Low levels of legislation passed.Example: Low rates of bill passage during divided government.Significance: Party polarization hinders legislative effectiveness

Question 22

16. Explain and analyse three examples that Congress does perform its representative functions well.

Answer 22

Point: Increasing diversity in Congress.Example: The 117th Congress being the most racially diverse in history.Significance: Congress is becoming more representative of American society.
Point: Passage of bipartisan legislation.Example: The Bipartisan Infrastructure Law (2021).Significance: Demonstrates Congress’s ability to cooperate and pass legislation.
Point: Impeachment proceedings.Example: The impeachment of Donald Trump.Significance: Congress holds the President accountable.

Question 23

17. Explain and analyse three differences between the powers and influence of the House of Representatives and the Senate.

Answer 23

Point: Geographic representation.Example: Representatives represent districts; Senators represent entire states.Significance: Senators represent larger populations and have longer terms, potentially leading to greater influence.
Point: Role in presidential campaigns.Example: Senators are often seen as potential presidential candidates.Significance: Senators enjoy greater national name recognition.
Point: Exclusive powers of the Senate.Example: Senate’s role in confirming appointments and ratifying treaties.Significance: Grants the Senate significant power over executive actions.

Question 24

18. Explain and analyse three exclusive powers of the House of Representatives.

Answer 24

Point: Origination of revenue bills.Example: All bills raising revenue must originate in the House.Significance: Reflects the founding fathers’ belief that directly elected representatives should control taxation.
Point: Power of impeachment.Example: Impeachment of President Clinton.Significance: The House has the sole power to initiate impeachment proceedings.
Point: Choosing the president in case of an Electoral College deadlock.Example: Elections of 1800 and 1824.Significance: The House has the power to resolve a tie in the Electoral College.

Question 25

19. Explain and analyse 3 ways that Congress can check the executive branch.

Answer 25

Ratifying appointments: When the Republican-controlled Senate Judiciary Committee held hearings on President Obama’s Supreme Court nominee Merrick Garland in 2016, it ensured that presidential appointments are also in the interest of Congress. Passing legislation: Bill Clinton's frustration with Congress not voting on his healthcare reforms highlights how, especially in divided government, the president faces scrutiny, checking their legislative ability. Conducting investigations: Congress's investigation into Clinton’s sex scandal demonstrates how committees regularly oversee investigations of the executive branch, acting as a deterrent for presidents.

Question 26

Explain and analyse three informal sources of presidential power.

Answer 26

Power to persuade: Bush persuading Republicans and Democrats to support his No Child Left Behind Act (2002) shows the necessity of persuasion to convince other political actors to support the president's agenda. Executive orders: Bush using executive orders to authorize anti-terror measures after 9/11 allows the President to act when facing congressional resistance. Executive agreements: Obama signing the Paris Agreement (2015) shows how the President can circumvent the Senate and pursue their foreign policy agenda.

Question 27

Explain and analyse three ways that the modern presidency has stretched the implied powers of the presidency.

Answer 27

Expansion of the Executive Office of the President (EOP): Sherman Adams' role as Eisenhower's Chief of Staff demonstrates how the EOP provides extra support to the President, extending their powers beyond what Congress has. The National Security Council (NSC): The NSC coordinating information and advising the President on national security and foreign policy (Nixon and Kissinger) extends presidential power by providing expert advice. Executive agreements: Obama signing the JCPOA, a nuclear deal with Iran, shows how the President can circumvent the Senate and pursue their foreign policy agenda.

Question 28

Explain and analyse three formal (enumerated) powers of the president.

Answer 28

Executive power: The President's role as chief executive, running the executive branch and their own bureaucracy (EOP), demonstrates their central power over the executive branch. Legislative power: The President's power to propose legislation in the State of the Union address (Trump's 2019 immigration crackdown promise) influences the legislative process, even though Congress is the main legislative body. Appointment power: Obama appointing Elena Kagan to the Supreme Court shows the President's power to influence the judiciary.

Question 29

Explain and analyse three ways that the power of the President is checked.

Answer 29

The Constitution: The Constitution's provision for impeachment provides a foundation for checks and balances, ensuring the President operates within legal boundaries. Mechanisms of Congress: Congress overriding presidential vetoes (George Bush) demonstrates congressional oversight and accountability. Mechanisms of the judiciary: The Supreme Court's power of judicial review (Nixon and the Watergate tapes) ensures presidential accountability to the rule of law.

Question 30

Explain and analyse three ways the power of the President struggles to be checked.

Answer 30

Expansion of the EOP: The EOP provides extra support to the President, extending their powers beyond what Congress has. The National Security Council: The NSC's expert advice on national security and foreign policy extends presidential power. Executive agreements: The President can circumvent the Senate and pursue their foreign policy agenda using executive agreements.

Question 31

Explain and analyse how party composition of Congress can constrain the power of the president.

Answer 31

United government: Bush passing the Homeland Security Act (2002) and the Patriot Act (2002) with a Republican Congress shows how a united government enhances presidential power. Divided government: Obama's inability to pass the Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013 demonstrates how divided government impedes presidential power. Poorly-crafted legislation: Clinton's failure to pass his healthcare legislation, even with a united government, shows how presidential power can be constrained by poorly-crafted legislation lacking consensus.

Question 32

Explain and analyse three ways that the president is influenced by the prevailing orientation of the Supreme Court.

Answer 32

Appointments of new SC justices: Trump appointing conservative justices altered the SC's orientation, showing how the President uses appointments to influence the judiciary. Attempts to influence SC decisions: Obama's criticism of Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission shows that the President lacks real leverage over the SC's decisions. SC's check on presidential power: The SC declaring Nixon's refusal to release the White House tapes unconstitutional demonstrates the SC's independence and its ability to check presidential power.

Question 33

Explain and analyse how the attitudes of the media and public opinion can constrain the power of the president.

Answer 33

Negative media coverage: Fox News' attacks on Obama show how negative media coverage can erode public trust, hindering the President's agenda. Investigative journalism: Woodward and Bernstein's reporting on Watergate demonstrates how the media can catalyze investigations into presidential actions. Low approval ratings: Trump's low approval ratings demonstrate how public opinion can severely constrain a president's power and influence.

Question 34

Explain and analyse three ways in which the President may use his cabinet.

Answer 34

Discussing ‘big picture’ items: Trump's cabinet meeting on the federal response to COVID-19 (May 2020) shows how the President uses the cabinet to coordinate efforts across government entities. Using it as an advisory group: Bush working with the Secretaries of Defense and State after 9/11 highlights the cabinet's role in providing expert advice during crises. Checking up on legislation going through Congress: Obama's cabinet meeting in February 2015 discussing his policy agenda in Congress shows how the President uses the cabinet to strategize and coordinate efforts to advance their agenda.

Question 35

Explain and analyse three ways in which the President may use EXOP.

Answer 35

Advisory and supportive capacity: The Chief of Staff's role (Sherman Adams) demonstrates how the White House Office enhances operational efficiency and communication. Advising on monetary issues: The Office of Management and Budget advises the President on the federal budget, supporting the administration’s policy agenda. Advising on foreign, security, and defence policy: Nixon's reliance on Kissinger demonstrates how the National Security Council allows the President to make informed decisions and mobilize resources swiftly.

Question 36

Explain and analyse how three presidents have experienced waxing and waning in their presidencies.

Answer 36

Bill Clinton: Waxing with economic growth and balanced budgets; waning with his failed healthcare policy. This highlights the need for presidential organization and coordination. Barack Obama: Waxing with economic and healthcare policies; waning with immigration policy failures. This shows how presidential success depends on previous congressional experience, compromise, and delegation of authority. Donald Trump: Waxing with the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act; waning with the failure to repeal and replace Obamacare. This demonstrates how a united government can empower a president but also how a president's power can be checked by poor legislative organization.

Question 37

Explain and analyse three arguments that support the view that the presidency is an imperilled institution.

Answer 37

Congressional assertiveness: The Case Act (1972) and the War Powers Act (1973) limiting Ford's foreign policy powers demonstrate how Congress can curb presidential power. Lack of congressional support: Divided government (Clinton, Bush, Obama, Trump, Biden) undermines the President's ability to enact meaningful reforms. Judicial review: United States v. Nixon (1974) demonstrates the judiciary’s role in ensuring accountability and transparency, curbing executive overreach.

Question 38

Explain and analyse three arguments against the view that the presidency is an imperial institution.

Answer 38

Control over foreign policy: Bush's use of executive orders after 9/11 demonstrates the President's ability to act unilaterally in foreign policy, bypassing Congress. Emergency powers: Trump's declaration of a national emergency in 2019 to fund the border wall shows how emergency powers allow the President to circumvent Congress. United Congress: Bush's success in passing the Patriot Act (2001) and the Homeland Security Act (2002) with a unified Congress demonstrates how a united government empowers the President.

Question 39

Three features of the selection and appointment process of Supreme Court Judges

Answer 39

Presidential Nomination: Trump nominating three Supreme Court justices demonstrates that presidents nominate justices with similar views, significantly influencing the Court's political composition. Senate Confirmation: Justice Thomas's confirmation with 52 votes highlights the Senate's role in ensuring justices are qualified and approved, acting as a check on presidential power. Judicial Independence: The Supreme Court refusing to hear Trump's election challenge in 2021, despite his appointments, shows that justices serve for life and are independent of the appointing president.

Question 40

Three ways in which the Supreme Court has interpreted the Constitution

Answer 40

Strict Constructionism: Judge Kavanaugh's argument against constitutional change through the Supreme Court exemplifies the strict constructionist approach, currently dominant and leading to conservative judgments. Loose Constructionism: Justice Breyer's argument for interpreting the Constitution in its context shows the loose constructionist approach, often resulting in interpretative amendments supported by liberals. Case-by-case basis: Chief Justice Roberts' approach of choosing the most suitable method for each case highlights how justices can avoid strict labels, often creating swing votes.

Question 41

Three ways in which the Supreme Court has protected citizens' rights

Answer 41

Upholding the First Amendment: Citizens United v. FEC ruling that political lobbying is free speech effectively permits limitless political campaign donations. Upholding the Fourteenth Amendment: Brown v. Topeka ending school segregation ensured equal treatment under the law. Upholding the Fifth Amendment: Miranda v. Arizona protecting against self-incrimination ensures citizens are aware of their rights before questioning.

Question 42

Explain and analyse three ways in which the Supreme Court protects civil rights and liberties.

Answer 42

Second Amendment (right to bear arms): District of Columbia v. Heller (2008) declared a handgun ban unconstitutional, establishing the right to bear arms as an individual right. Fourth Amendment (right to privacy): Carpenter v. US (2018) ruled that acquiring cell phone location data requires a warrant, protecting privacy rights. Fifth Amendment (right to silence): Miranda v. Arizona (1966) established "Miranda rights," protecting individuals against self-incrimination.

Question 43

Three reasons why the Supreme Court could be described as politically significant

Answer 43

Controversial rulings: Bush v. Gore's decision on the 2000 election demonstrates how landmark rulings significantly affect the US, often along partisan lines. Quasi-legislative body: Obergefell v. Hodges effectively created a federal same-sex marriage law, highlighting the Court's power to shape public policy. Impact on federalism: Columbia v. Heller and similar cases demonstrate the Supreme Court's impact on the balance of power between federal and state governments. Judicial activism: Brown v. Topeka's unanimous decision exemplifies the debate between judicial activism (supported by liberals) and judicial restraint (supported by conservatives).

Question 44

Three landmark cases of the Supreme Court and their significance

Answer 44

Brown v. Topeka: Ended legal segregation, furthering civil rights, but faced resistance in its enforcement. Roe v. Wade: Legalized abortion, becoming a landmark case for women's rights, but remained highly controversial due to its interpretative nature. Obergefell v. Hodges: Legalized same-sex marriage federally, but was controversial due to its loose constructionist interpretation of the Constitution.

Question 45

Three ways in which the judiciary shaped areas of public policy

Answer 45

Abortion policy: Roe v. Wade and Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health demonstrate the Supreme Court's quasi-legislative role in shaping abortion policy. Federalism: Columbia v. Heller and Murphy v. National Collegiate Athletic Association illustrate the Supreme Court's influence on federalism by striking down state and federal laws. Punishment: The Supreme Court's rulings on lethal injection affect public policy on the death penalty, granting states the power to dictate execution laws.

Question 46

Explain and analyse three ways that the Supreme Court can affect public policy

Answer 46

Updating existing policy: Trump v. Hawaii (2018) shows how the Court can uphold executive actions, demonstrating judicial restraint. Removing existing policy: Dobs Vs Jackson demonstrates the Court's power to change their view on previous judgements. Establishing new policy: Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) demonstrates judicial review's power to create new law, making the Court a quasi-legislative body.

Question 47

Explain and analyse three ways that support the Supreme Court can be described as independent.

Answer 47

Consistent size: The Supreme Court's consistent size of nine justices prevents attempts to pack the court with political allies, maintaining its independence. American Bar Association (ABA) ratings: The ABA's role in rating judicial nominees provides a non-political quality control mechanism, enhancing the Court's independence. Life tenure: Justices serving for life allows them to make decisions independent of the appointing president's views, although this independence can be challenged.

Question 48

Explain and analyse three ways that undermine the idea that the Supreme Court is independent.

Answer 48

Lack of enforcement powers: The struggle to enforce Brown v. Topeka highlights the Supreme Court's reliance on other branches to enforce its rulings, undermining its complete independence. ABA bias: Research suggesting bias in ABA ratings of minority and female nominees undermines the ABA's claim to neutrality and impacts the Court's independence. Impeachment process: The theoretical possibility of impeachment, though never used, suggests that the Court's independence could be challenged through political means.

Question 49

Explain and analyse three features of the US electoral system.

Answer 49

Consistent periodical elections: Presidential elections every 4 years, congressional elections every 2 years, and frequent state/local elections provide voters with many opportunities to participate, but can lead to voter fatigue. State control over electoral issues: States' control over gerrymandering, voter ID laws, and primary elections reflects federalism, but creates inconsistencies and potential for manipulation. Majoritarian electoral system (with Electoral College exception): Most elections use a majoritarian system for clear results, but the Electoral College in presidential elections reinforces federalism but can lead to discrepancies between the popular vote and the electoral outcome.

Question 50

Explain and analyse three strengths of the US electoral system.

Answer 50

Frequency of elections: Frequent elections offer many opportunities for political participation, strengthening democracy, but can also lead to voter fatigue and apathy. Majoritarian electoral system: The FPTP system delivers clear results and single-party control, but can marginalize third parties and independents. Reflection of federalism: State control over aspects of elections allows for variation and discretion, but can lead to inconsistencies and potential for manipulation.

Question 51

Explain and analyse three weaknesses of the US electoral system.

Answer 51

Voter fatigue: The frequency of elections can lead to apathy and cynicism, deterring political participation. Majoritarian system: The FPTP system marginalizes third parties and independents, favoring a two-party system. Scope for electoral manipulation: Gerrymandering and varying voter ID laws undermine fair competition and create inconsistencies.

Question 52

Explain and analyse three advantages of the primary/caucus system.

Answer 52

Boosts political participation: Primaries and caucuses allow voters to choose their party's candidate, promoting active involvement and a more democratically valid result, but turnout is often low. Allows political outsiders to run: Trump's 2016 campaign demonstrates how the system allows outsiders to build momentum, but can also lead to less experienced candidates gaining traction. Maintains federalism: States' choice of primaries or caucuses and their format reflects federalism, but creates inconsistencies and potential for manipulation.

Question 53

Explain and analyse three disadvantages of the primary/caucus system.

Answer 53

Voter apathy: Low turnout in primaries and caucuses limits democratic legitimacy, reflecting the views of only a small segment of the population. Political professionals' advantage: Voters' lack of confidence in their own judgment highlights the potential for uninformed decisions and the influence of political experts. Focus on candidates rather than policies: The 2016 Democratic primaries illustrate how primaries can exacerbate divisions within parties and lead to personality-driven debates.

Question 54

Explain and analyse three functions performed by national nominating conventions in the USA today.

Answer 54

Choosing the party’s presidential candidate: The 2020 Democratic convention's roll-call vote for Biden demonstrates how conventions formally select candidates, showcasing party solidarity. Deciding the party platform: The 2020 Democratic platform's inclusion of diverse viewpoints highlights the convention's role in policy formulation and inclusivity. Promoting party unity: The 2020 Democratic convention's emphasis on Biden and Harris' unity demonstrates how conventions reconcile divisions and project a unified party image.

Question 55

Explain and analyse three arguments for the Electoral College.

Answer 55

Preserves the voice of small-population states: The Electoral College's original intent was to prevent larger states from dominating, ensuring balanced representation. Reflects the federal nature of the US: States' leeway in selecting electors (Maine and Nebraska) reflects federalism and grants more power to the states. Ensures candidates campaign in a range of states: Candidates must campaign in swing states, reflecting the federal nature of the US and preventing focus solely on populous states.

Question 56

Explain and analyse three arguments against the Electoral College.

Answer 56

Winner of the popular vote can lose the election: Al Gore (2000) and Hillary Clinton (2016) won the popular vote but lost the election, undermining democratic principles. Exaggerates margins of victory: Reagan's 1984 victory illustrates how the Electoral College can distort election results, weakening democracy. Over-represents smaller states: Wyoming's higher proportional influence than California demonstrates how the Electoral College gives disproportionate power to smaller states.

Question 57

Explain three factors that affect the outcome of elections.

Answer 57

Incumbency: The high re-election rate of incumbents in the 2018 midterms demonstrates the advantage of incumbency due to name recognition and past achievements. Policy position: Clinton's 1992 victory highlights the importance of addressing key policy issues to gain voter support. Media: Obama's 2012 "Remember" ad shows how the media can be used to project a candidate's strengths and attack opponents, influencing voters.

Question 58

Explain three ways in which any one US election before 1980 could be defined as significant regarding changes in voting behaviour.

Answer 58

1968 election: The Republican "Southern Strategy" realigned traditional Democratic voters to the Republican party, creating a lasting shift in Southern politics. 1968 election: The Democratic Party shifted to a more progressive platform on issues like abortion and gay rights, resulting in a long-lasting realignment of the party's identity. 1968 election: The election ushered in an era of Republican dominance, reflecting the success of the party's new strategy and voter preferences.

Question 59

Explain three ways in which any one US election after 1980 could be defined as significant regarding changes in voting behaviour.

Answer 59

2016 election: Trump's victory marked the rise of populism, changing the makeup and views of the Republican electorate. 2016 election: A shift of some Democratic voters to the Republican party, particularly fiscally liberal but socially conservative voters, may indicate disillusionment with the Democratic Party's economic policies. 2016 election: Trump increased Republican support among the working class, highlighting the influence of economic factors on voting behavior and suggesting a "working-class problem" for the Democrats.

Question 60

Explain and analyse three long-term factors that influence voting behaviour in the USA.

Answer 60

Race: The consistent preference of minority groups for the Democratic Party demonstrates how racial considerations influence voter priorities. Gender: Women's higher support for the Democratic Party highlights how gender influences voting behavior, particularly on issues like reproductive rights. Age: Younger voters' preference for the Democratic Party and older voters' preference for the Republican Party demonstrate how age influences policy priorities and voting patterns.

Question 61

Explain and analyse three factors that affect turnout in US elections/Explain and analyse three reasons for high abstention levels in the USA.

Answer 61

Voter fatigue: The frequency of elections can lead to voter fatigue and disengagement from the political process. Lack of voter choice: The dominance of the two-party system can lead to feelings of disenfranchisement and lack of representation, deterring voters. Political alienation: Parties failing to address the concerns of their core voters (e.g., Harris and Palestine) can lead to disillusionment and decreased voter turnout.

Question 62

Explain and analyse three reasons why US campaign finance should be regulated.

Answer 62

Out-of-control spending: The massive cost of the 2020 elections marginalizes third parties and independent candidates, undermining pluralism. Advantages for the wealthy: The ability of wealthy individuals like Trump to self-fund campaigns creates an uneven playing field and reinforces the perception of an elitist political system. Corruption: The influence of PACs and Super PACs raises concerns about corruption and the potential for money to buy political power.

Question 63

Explain and analyse three reasons why US campaign finance should not be regulated.

Answer 63

First Amendment rights: Citizens United v. FEC highlights the argument that campaign finance restrictions violate free speech rights. Money does not guarantee success: Clinton's loss to Trump in 2016 despite outspending him demonstrates that money alone doesn't determine election outcomes. Can weaken challengers: Regulations could limit support for challengers against incumbents, stifling political competition.

Question 64

Explain and analyse three reasons why direct democracy works well in the US.

Answer 64

Allows for variation in laws: State-level initiatives on issues like marijuana legalization allow states to reflect their unique political priorities. Provides accountability: The recall of Judge Aaron Persky demonstrates how direct democracy allows voters to remove officials who fail to meet their expectations. Increases political participation: Referendums like the 2018 Alabama Ten Commandments initiative allow the public to directly influence policy without relying on representatives.

Question 65

Explain and analyse three reasons why direct democracy does not work well in the US.

Answer 65

High cost: The expense of ballot initiatives (e.g., California Uber driver classification) can divert resources from other essential services. Potential for manipulation: Ballot initiatives can be used to influence other elections (e.g., North Dakota cannabis initiative), distorting democratic principles. Complexity of issues: Voters may not fully understand complex ballot measures (e.g., Alaska oil and gas tax), leading to uninformed decisions.

Question 66

Explain and analyse three key values of the Republican Party.

Answer 66

Conservative social and moral views: The Republican Party's pro-life stance reflects a commitment to preserving traditional social structures, leading to conflict with the Democrats due to party polarization. Restricted government intervention: Rejection of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (2009) demonstrates a preference for limited government and free-market principles (Hayekian economics) in contrast to Democratic Keynesian approaches. Emphasis on personal responsibility: Gradual cuts to the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) illustrate a preference for personal responsibility over welfare, although Republicans generally support a safety net for those genuinely struggling.

Question 67

Explain and analyse three key values of the Democrat Party.

Answer 67

Progressive social and moral views: The party's pro-choice stance on abortion (e.g., Ocasio-Cortez's views) significantly influences Democratic-passed legislation. Greater government intervention in the economy: Biden's post-COVID economic stimulus demonstrates a commitment to government intervention in contrast to Republican free-market principles. Greater provision of social welfare: The Affordable Care Act (2010) exemplifies the Democratic Party's commitment to social welfare programs, reflecting modern liberal ideology.

Question 68

Explain and analyse the influence of three key factions in the Republican Party.

Answer 68

Moderates: Advocating for a bigger state role demonstrates a willingness to cooperate with Democrats, although this is increasingly rare due to polarization. Fiscal conservatives: Trump's creation of the DOGE (chaired by Elon Musk) hints at a growing emphasis on fiscal conservatism and cutting government size. Social conservatives: Strong support for traditional marriage and a pro-life stance identifies social conservatives as the largest and most influential faction within the Republican Party.

Question 69

Explain and analyse the influence of three key factions in the Democratic Party.

Answer 69

Liberal/progressive wing: Belief in social and racial justice (opposing the death penalty and mandatory sentences) summarizes Biden's actions in government, despite his initial moderate image. Moderates/centrists: Support for a "public option" for healthcare (Obamacare) reflects the traditionally dominant faction within the Democratic Party. Conservative "blue dogs": Less support for LGBTQ+ rights and strict gun control highlights this smaller faction's increased importance when the Democrats need to compromise with Republicans.

Question 70

Explain and analyse three reasons why US political parties might be described as united.

Answer 70

Growth of party unity voting: Fewer legislative breaks with party lines than in previous decades (intensified by Trump's 2016 victory) demonstrates increased party loyalty, although internal disagreements still exist. Increasing party unity in policy: Cohesion on controversial issues (abortion, gun control) indicates a shift toward more polarized parties with less internal disagreement on key issues. Growth of unified party platforms: The Republican "Contract with America" (1994) and Democratic "Better Deal" (2018) demonstrate the increasing use of single platforms, reflecting greater party unity.

Question 71

Explain and analyse three ways in which US Parties could be said to be divided.

Answer 71

Bipartisan votes and rebellions: Republican votes against Trump's impeachment and Senate resolutions limiting his military powers demonstrate ongoing internal party divisions. Trump's unconventional policies: Republican concerns about Trump's policies on NATO and tariffs illustrate internal disagreements, despite party affiliation. Selective endorsement of party platforms: Candidates' ability to selectively endorse parts of the party platform due to winning primaries highlights a lack of complete party cohesion.

Question 72

Explain and analyse three reasons in which US Parties are experiencing renewal rather than decline.

Answer 72

Primaries reinforce the party brand: Aspiring candidates aligning themselves with major parties demonstrates the continued importance of party affiliation for electoral success. Hill committees and donor funding: Hill committees' role in supporting candidates highlights parties' continued involvement in candidate selection and resource mobilization. Parties are narrower and more homogenous: Increased party polarization has led to greater internal unity and stronger party identities, although this also leads to greater political division.

Question 73

Explain and analyse three ways in which US Parties are experiencing decline rather than renewal.

Answer 73

Reduction in candidate selection: The growth of primaries has rendered parties' candidate selection role largely redundant, and split-ticket voting suggests voters prioritize individual candidates over parties. Reduced role in political communication: Candidates control most campaign communication, accelerated by social media, weakening parties' influence. Divisions within parties: Internal disagreements on issues like immigration and policing highlight a lack of internal cohesion.

Question 74

Explain and analyse three ways in which minor parties and independents can be significant in US politics.

Answer 74

Spoiling the vote: Nader's 2000 campaign potentially cost Gore the election, demonstrating third parties' ability to influence outcomes. Influence in Congressional elections: Maine's 2nd District election in 2018 shows how ranked-choice voting can benefit third parties. Policy influence: The Green New Deal's similarities to Perot's proposals illustrate how third-party ideas can be adopted by major parties.

Question 75

Explain and analyse three ways in which minor parties and independents can be insignificant in US politics.

Answer 75

Infrequency of impact: The 2012 and 2016 elections demonstrate the limited impact of third parties on presidential elections due to polarization. FPTP electoral system: The FPTP system makes votes for minor parties effectively wasted votes, hindering their success. Lack of media presence: Third parties often lack media attention, hindering their ability to reach voters and gain support.

Question 76

Three reasons why the main US parties have become more polarized in recent years.

Answer 76

Ideological sorting and base mobilization: Voters aligning with parties based on ideology has pushed parties toward extreme policies to satisfy core supporters, alienating moderates and hindering cooperation. Media fragmentation: The rise of partisan news outlets and social media echo chambers creates hostility towards opposing ideologies, making compromise difficult. Gerrymandering: Manipulating district boundaries promotes ideological purity, producing more polarized representatives who prioritize party loyalty over constituent interests.

Question 77

Explain and analyse three ways in which pressure groups contribute to political pluralism in the USA.

Answer 77

Promoting diverse ideas: The contrasting campaigns of Americans United for Life and Planned Parenthood demonstrate how pressure groups promote diverse viewpoints, ensuring public debate and exposure for different perspectives. Encouraging political participation: Groups like Black Lives Matter provide opportunities for political engagement beyond political parties, empowering citizens to advocate for specific causes. Driving societal change: Pressure groups have influenced significant societal changes (racial desegregation, abortion legalization, LGBTQ+ rights), demonstrating their ability to shape public opinion and government decisions.

Question 78

Explain and analyse three ways in which pressure groups prevent political pluralism in the USA and instead contribute to elitism.

Answer 78

Unequal influence of wealth: Wealthy groups like the US Chamber of Commerce dominate through lobbying and campaign spending, overshadowing less-resourced groups and perpetuating inequality. Reinforcement of elite control: Powerful groups often align with elite interests (e.g., big pharma), prioritizing elite concerns over diverse perspectives. Obstruction of majority-supported reforms: The NRA's resistance to gun control, despite public support, undermines democratic will and prioritizes special interests over the broader public good.

Question 79

Explain and analyse four types of pressure groups in the USA.

Answer 79

Insider groups: The American Medical Association's expertise allows it to influence healthcare policy due to its close ties with the government and funding. Outsider groups: Climate Direct Action's use of direct action demonstrates outsider groups' reliance on public pressure, potentially leading to a perception of extremism. Promotional groups: Everytown for Gun Safety's advocacy for tighter gun control exemplifies promotional groups driven by altruism and advocating for societal benefit. Interest groups: The US Chamber of Commerce's advocacy for business interests exemplifies interest groups prioritizing members' self-interest, potentially wielding undue influence.

Question 80

Explain and analyze four methods and tactics used by pressure groups to influence decision making in the USA.

Answer 80

Electoral campaigning: EMILY's List and the League of Conservation Voters' spending demonstrate how campaign donations and endorsements influence electoral outcomes, but can be seen as elitist. Insider contacts: JP Morgan and Goldman Sachs' meetings with federal agencies illustrate how building relationships with government officials can influence policy decisions. Professional lobbyists: The significant spending on federal lobbying highlights the role of professional lobbyists in influencing policy, but raises concerns about undue corporate influence. Revolving door syndrome: Eugene Scalia's transition from lobbying to government demonstrates how the revolving door allows pressure groups to leverage former government officials' contacts.

Question 81

Iron Triangles: Explain and analyse the three ways in which iron triangles ensure pressure groups' political influence.

Answer 81

Lobbying Congress: Lockheed Martin's lobbying for the F-35 program demonstrates how wealthy groups leverage their resources to influence Congressional decisions through promises of jobs and economic benefits. Congressional dependence on donations: Joe Courtney's campaign funding from defense contractors illustrates how Congress's dependence on donations from interest groups creates a symbiotic relationship. Revolving door syndrome: Shannahan's transition from Boeing to the Department of Defense shows how the revolving door allows pressure groups to influence policy decisions through their connections within the government.

Question 82

Explain and analyse the funding of Washington Insiders.

Answer 82

Funding of the president: The NRA's funding of Trump's campaign demonstrates how pressure groups invest in presidential candidates, but also how significant spending doesn't guarantee complete influence. Funding of senators: Senators' high level of funding reflects their longer terms and individual influence, making them attractive targets for pressure group investment. Funding of incumbents: Incumbents' existing relationships with constituents give them an advantage in attracting campaign donations, reinforcing their electoral advantage.

Question 83

Explain and analyse three reasons why PACs and Super PACs are damaging democracy.

Answer 83

Disproportionate influence of the wealthy: PACs and Super PACs, funded by a small percentage of Americans, allow the wealthy to buy influence and bypass campaign finance restrictions. Influence on legislators: Legislators' dependence on PACs for funding can lead them to prioritize the interests of their financial backers over constituents. Reduced power of political parties: The rise of PACs and Super PACs has reduced the influence of political parties and increased the power of anonymous corporate donors.

Question 84

Explain and analyse three reasons why PACs and Super PACs benefit democracy.

Answer 84

Increased electoral competition: Super PACs supporting challengers forces incumbents to work harder, increasing competition and accountability. Enhanced free speech: The Citizens United ruling, while controversial, reinforces the right of corporations to free speech through spending, although this is a partisan interpretation. Support for non-mainstream presidential candidates: Super PAC support allows smaller candidates to sustain their campaigns longer, increasing diversity in the field of candidates.

Question 85

Explain and analyse three ways that subsequent amendments protect civil rights.

Answer 85

13th Amendment (Abolition of Slavery): The abolition of slavery expanded civil rights for African Americans, recognizing their fundamental freedoms under the law and addressing a major historical injustice. 14th Amendment (Equal Protection Clause): Guaranteeing equal protection under the law prevents legal discrimination and promotes equality and inclusion, though its application has been subject to ongoing debate and interpretation. 19th Amendment (Women's Suffrage): Granting women the right to vote expanded their political participation and enhanced democracy by ensuring their representation in

Question 86

Explain and analyse three ways in which pressure groups have contributed to the development of civil rights and liberties in the USA.

Answer 86

Providing legal defense: The ACLU's legal representation of individuals, regardless of their views, demonstrates pressure groups' role in ensuring equal rights and treatment under the law. Defending the rights of ethnic minorities: The NAACP's legal support for African Americans in cases like Shelley v. Kraemer and Brown v. Board of Education highlights their role in combating discrimination. Advocating for women's rights: EMILY's List's focus on electing pro-choice Democratic women demonstrates how pressure groups advocate for female representation and influence policy.

Question 87

Explain and analyse three ways that political issues concerning rights and liberties have had an impact on US politics.

Answer 87

Systemic racial inequality: The ongoing debate over affirmative action (Grutter v. Bollinger, SFFA v. Harvard) reflects the enduring impact of racial inequality on US politics and the ongoing struggle for equal opportunity. LGBTQ+ rights: The legalization of same-sex marriage (Obergefell v. Hodges) demonstrates how LGBTQ+ rights have become a major political issue, shaping legal interpretations and social attitudes. Voting restrictions: The impact of Shelby County v. Holder and subsequent efforts to restrict voting, particularly among minority groups, highlights the ongoing political struggle over voting rights and access to the political process. The NAACP's mobilization efforts in 2020 demonstrate the political response to these restrictions.