US Presidency

Question 1

What are ‘delegated
powers’?

Answer 1

powers given to congress then delegated to the executive branch

these are executed by departments like the state department

Question 2

1) Legislative powers

Answer 2

when a big bill needs secondary legislation inferred through the passage of the bill

1970 clean air act- authorises environmental protection agency to set the air quality standards

statutes can be vague and let specialists do the complicated legislation

presidents could try to take advantage of this

Question 3

2) Financial powers

Answer 3

delegated power to agencies to decide how many should be spent here congress has delegated part of its power of the purse

the budget accounting act of 1921 gave the president the ability to produce a budget bill

block grants handed over to state government allows members to claim pork barrel spending

Question 4

3) Emergency powers

Answer 4

Emergency powers are powers exercised in an emergency such as sizing propety or the national guard

the 1976 national emergencies act means the president has to specify the specific emergency which has to be renewed.

trump used this power to declare national emergency

Question 5

4) Trade powers

Answer 5

treaties must pull supermajority in the senate

congressional executive agreements are when congress passes a bill authorising the president to negotiate an international agreement including ket negiotatinos

authorinsing president to regulate a treaty to be passed by a simple majority

Question 6

5) War Powers

Answer 6

president can only initiiate military action in a war

1. declaration of war
2. specific statues authority
3. a national emergency created by an open attack on the US

Question 7

1) Commander-in-
chief

Answer 7

president has the power of the executive office of the president

they can send troops into conflict

they can command naval army air force

Question 8

Formal powers

Answer 8

enumerated powers- these are in const

Delegated powers- from congress

Question 9

Informal powers

Answer 9

claim are implied in constition

Question 10

2) Cabinet advice to president

Answer 10

the president can ask cabinet members for their views

Question 11

3) Pardons and
Commutations

Answer 11

give front pardons and commute settlements

can be used at will by the president

trump with jan 6th rioters

Question 12

4) Negotiate treaties

Answer 12

president negotiates treaties then for congress to ratify

Question 13

5) Appointments

Answer 13

appoint secretarys of state like RFK junior to health and social care

or

SC judiciaries

Question 14

6) Recess
appointments

Answer 14

can appoint temporary senior officials without senators consent

Question 15

7) Propose bil

Answer 15

report on the state of the union and the current conditions of the country and include the legislation they would like in the coming year

Question 16

8) Convene
emergency sessions of
Congress

Answer 16

to convene congress for an extraordinary session

this has only happened 27 times

Question 17

9) Meet with foreign
ambassadors

Answer 17

negotiate with foreign entries and house ambassadors

Question 18

10) “take Care that the
Laws be faithfully
executed”

Answer 18

to follow the law and ensure that the law is followed

Question 19

11) Commission all of
Officers of the US

Answer 19

their office like the SC

Question 20

12) Veto / Pocket veto

Answer 20

VETO- reject law

pocket VETO- not sign it and let it expire within 10 days

only works if not sign it with congress as long as it isnt in session

Question 21

What is the Executive
Office of the President
(EXOP)?

Answer 21

collective term for the department of the government

-this includes White House office (chief of staff)

-council of economic advisors

• office of the management of the budget
• national security council

Question 22

What are the origins of
the US Cabinet? Why
is it less influential
than the UK Cabinet?

Answer 22

the members of cabinet have no political power of the president

powerful heads of department

the UK cabinet are also MP’s and are powerfull in their own nature

Question 23

What is the federal
bureaucracy?

Answer 23

the power of the 2.8 m federal employees and their suystems

Question 24

What are the main
functions of the
federal bureaucracy?

Answer 24

implementation of policies

regulation around new laws

adudication settle and dispute rules

Question 25

Why can the use of the president’s formal powers often depend on their use of informal, unwritten powers?

Answer 25

informal power such as the powers of prswasion to vote for something act

Question 26

1) The bully pulpit How public-facing were 18th and 19th century presidents? How did the ‘bully pulpit’ develop in the 20th and 21st centuries?

Question 27

2) De facto party leader Why do presidents end up acting as a de facto party leader? Why can presidents often play a key role in negotiations with opposition leaders in Congress?

Answer 27

only party members representing the entire country trump was seen as republican leader both during their time and also beyond

Question 28

3) Head of state

Answer 28

to conduct ceremonial work such as presenting the presidential medal of freedom when presidents benefit from a rise in nationalism the US president has influence on the world stage bush approval 51%-90% after 911

Question 29

4) Institutional resources

Answer 29

the power to hire staff such as the office of the management of the budget and the NSA Office of advisors homeland security president most senior advisors - advice - liaison between branches and groups - messaging - administration office (scheduling)

Question 30

5) Stretching the implied and inherent powers

Answer 30

if the president can persuade congress that one of their powers is a enumerated power then they can do it. In recent years the president have stretched these implied powers and used them in more informal controversial ways to bypass checks and balances

Question 31

What are ‘inherent’ and ‘implied’ powers?

Answer 31

inherent powers are not included in the constitution but are implied as they are essential to running the country- executive orders implied powers are said to be implied by the enumerated powers

Question 32

1) Executive Privilege

Answer 32

executive privilege the president's implied power to refuse some requests for information from legislative and judicial branches this increases with social media and decreases when not to be seen in the national interest

Question 33

2) Executive Orders, Presidential Memoranda, and Presidential Proclamations

Answer 33

could be interpreted to suggest that the president gas the power to decide how to interpret and execute the law presidential proclamations and announce and communicate information which doesn't concern the general public

Question 34

3) Signing statements

Answer 34

comments from presidents on the meaning and interpretation of legislating they are responsible for inforcing can accompany when a president signs a bill

Question 35

4) Deploying troops

Answer 35

can deploy troops without a decloration of war because the president is commander in chied this is an implied power

Question 36

5) Sole-executive agreements

Answer 36

sole executive agreements are differnt to congressional executive agreements. sole executive agreements fo not require the passage of a new law as this would require imput from congress such as Paris agreement using constitutional authority to negotiate

Question 37

6) Recognising foreign governments

Answer 37

the president can recognise and de-regognise any country they have power to speak for the nations affairs

Question 38

1) Congress’s legislative powers

Answer 38

congress doesn't have presidential power to put laws to congress can override the presidents veto with a supermajority control over the legislative agenda how president vetos laws so a supermajority can be reached is challenging

Question 39

2) Congress’s financial powers

Answer 39

congress can deny funds by using its power of the purse powers can de fund a project congresses appropriation committees can change spending regionally mandatory spending- spending every year on social security and medicare which is done according to previous acts of congress. president can VETO all appropriation bills omnibus Bills- many bills put together- 12 appropriations in one Dept celling is set by congress

Question 40

3) Congress’s confirmation powers

Answer 40

supermajority of 60 votes to pass a closure vote which ends a filibuster over 300 of trumps appointments in his first term were filibustered trump often used 'temporary appointments' who didn't need to be approved for 210 days. trump delegated duties of vacant politicians to lower levels

Question 41

4) Congress’s war and treaty powers

Answer 41

congress has delegated powers to the president

Question 42

5) Congress’s oversight powers

Answer 42

lets of secondary legislation is made by the executive congress can block secondary legislation president does have a Veto executive privilege can keep congress in the dark

Question 43

To what extent can presidents use their formal powers to influence the Supreme Court?

Answer 43

presidents select judges via their political philosophy however trump appointed 3 and Biden did 1 trump appointed judges who had actively spoken against Roe V. Wade

Question 44

1) Appointment Powers

Answer 44

appoint like minded individuals to lead individuals to lead agencies and departments

Question 45

2) EOs, memoranda and proclamations

Answer 45

Biden used these cases for government wage focus on equality

Question 46

3) Centralising policymaking within the EXOP

Answer 46

senior policymaking advisors who have a responsibility over area biden- office of domestic climate policy

Question 47

1) Obstacles imposed by the Cabinet

Answer 47

president has to logistically delegate some decisions to cabinet members changing cabinet ministers can take time and be efficient tump had 6 homeland security advisors president appointed some have delegated appropriations spending

Question 48

2) Obstacles imposed by the Federal Bureaucracy

Answer 48

Impirialisuation- departments and agencies try to expand their influence onto institutions incrementalism- agencies will resist significant changes threading their stages and preferred way of working iron triangles are mutually beneficial groups between interest groups, congress and executive the revolving door is when civil servants leave their Job and return as lobbyists

Question 49

3) Obstacles imposed by future presidents

Answer 49

because one executive order can be overridden by another trump unsigned many of trump's

Question 50

What is the ‘imperial presidency’ theory?

Answer 50

a presidency which is ruled with power and authority

Question 51

What is the ‘imperilled presidency’ theory?

Answer 51

a weaker presidency where many of the checks on the power of the presidency are far overuseed

Question 52

1) Whether or not a president appears imperial or imperilled can depend on their popularity

Answer 52

increase in the popularity of a president can increase power to preside and influence increased partisanship makes it more difficult for presidents to use the bully pulpit and win public support

Question 53

2) Whether or not a president appears imperial or imperilled can depend on the composition of Congress

Answer 53

unified government leads to less opposition lot less done in trumps second term with democrat congress trump could easily appoint opposition to guinsbug in 2020 because there was a republican senate trump did fail to overturn Obamacare

Question 54

3) Whether or not a president appears imperial or imperilled depends on how you view unilateral executive action

Answer 54

when defeated in congress the president often defers to unilateral action trump used his capacity to declare a national emergency at southern border to redirect military construction funds

Question 55

4) Whether or not a president appears imperial or imperilled depends on how you view the growth of the executive branch

Answer 55

the government has grown lots since the constitution was created well the us president has appointment powers and secondary legislation which is of course not in condition

Question 56

5) Whether or not a president appears imperial or imperilled can depend on whether you focus on domestic or foreign policy

Answer 56

the two presidents theory suggests that there is the face of the operation and the chief of staff which is a very powerful person trump appointed his allies in 2016

Question 57

what are the presidents enumerated powers

Answer 57

commander in chief cabinet advice pardons and commutations negotiate treaties appointments recess appointments propose bills convene emergency session of congress meet with foreign ambassadors veto legislation