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Usage of antibiotics in ruminants and horses Flashcards

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1
Q

Ruminants and ABs

A

AB are not allowed in adult ruminants becuase thye can be killed by the rumen flora, it is only used in calves w/AB orally

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2
Q

how should AB be given to ruminants

A

only by local injection or orally

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3
Q

in what cases can we use AB in ruminants?

A

respiratory infections
food disorders (++ milk cattle)
mastitis

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4
Q

whih bacteria does not respond to penicillin?

A

staphylococci - they produce B-lactamase enzyme causing the penicillin to be decomposed

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5
Q

what are the different groups of first choice antibiotics against gram positive infections?

A

narrow spectrum penicillins (gr+; streptococcus, bacillus, clostridium)
broad spectrum penicillins

penicillinase resistant penicillins

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6
Q

substances in the narrow spectrum penicillins (ru)

A

benzylpenicillins

procain + benzathine

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7
Q

narrow spectrum penicillins (Ru)- indications

A

rare
airway infections
foot diseases
wounds

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8
Q

narrow spectrum penicillins(Ru) - administration

A

injection SC, IM

never IV

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9
Q

broad spectrum penicillin(Ru) -substances

A

amoxicillin

amoxicillin+ claculanic acid

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10
Q

broad spectrum penicillin(Ru) - indication

A

airway infections

foot diseases

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11
Q

broad spectrum penicillin(Ru) - administration

A

in case of resp: IM, SC

foot disease: combinations, amoxicillin

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12
Q

penicillinase resistant penicillins (ru) - substances

A

oxacillins
cloxacillin
dicloxacillin
flucloxacillin

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13
Q

penicillinase resistant penicillins (ru) - indications

A

gram+

mastitis

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14
Q

penicillinase resistant penicillins (ru) - administration

A

locally: intramammary infusion

resistant against penicillinase enzyme only when the PBP change (mutant) = staphylococci

dot act agaisnt MRSA or MRSP

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15
Q

name the 1st and 2nd generation cefalosporins

A 
cefalexin
cefapirin
cefacetril
cefacetril
cefazolin
cefuroxime
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16
Q

indications of 1st and 2nd generation cefalosporins (ru)

A

gram-positive mastitis

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17
Q

administration of 1&2 generation cefalosporins (ru)

A

give them locally as an intramammary infusion

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18
Q

3rd generation cefalosporins (ru)

A

ceftiofur

cefoperazon

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19
Q

indications of 3rd generation cefalosporins

A

airway infections
foot diseases
mastitis, metritis

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20
Q

two types of ceftiofur and their administration

A

hydrochloride and crystalline free acid (long duration

IM or SC locally as intrammamry infusions

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21
Q

what is the advantage of treating dairy cattle with ceftiofur?

A

it will not cross the blood-milk-barrier

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22
Q

4th generation substances

A

cefquinome

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23
Q

cefquinome indication?

A

airway infections

mastitis

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24
Q

cefquinome administration

A

locally or as an injection

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25
aminoglycoside substances (ru)
``` neomycin gentamicin (fastidious bacteria) apramycin spectinomycin (mycoplasma) paromomycin ```
26
aminoglycosides given per os treats?
diarrhea in calves and lambs
27
which aminoglycosides are good for the airways?
gentamicin, spectinomycin (+lincomycin)
28
how is neomycin given? and for what?
IM and IU | mastitis, metritis (intrauterine, locally (intramamammary infusion)
29
the substances of tetracyclines
oxytetracyclines chlortetracylines doxycycline
30
indications tetracyclines
``` airway infections foot diseases, wounds infectious KC enzootic abortion mastitis ```
31
TTC administration
injection and topical | orally only in calves and lambs
32
Phenicols, substances | are they used?
chlormaphenicol is prohibited in FPA triamphenicol is used in poultry florfenicol in ruminants
33
indications for florfenicol
airway infections | foot disease? (MILK)
34
spectrum of phenicols
broad | resistance is not frequent
35
pharmacokinetics of florfenicol
very good, penetrates the special barriers
36
what class is colistin in?
AMEG "B" HP-CIA
37
usage of colistin
usage should be reduced by 65%, it is very nephrotoxic as an injection so it is not used orally it can be given to young calves to treat E.coli
38
substances of macrolides used in ruminants
tilmicosin tulathromycin gamithromycin tildipirosin
39
tilmicosin indications
airway infections 3-4 days duration of action excellent against fastidious and moderate against mycoplasma
40
tulathromycin and gamithromycin indications
airway infections foot diseases infectious KC
41
tildipirosin indication
airway infection
42
tilmicosin administration
SC, only!
43
tulathromycin, gamithromycin administration
SC and IM injection
44
tulathromycin, gamithromycin spectrum
fastidious and mycoplasma ad
45
tulathromycin, gamithromycin advantage
1-2 week duration of action for 1 injection
46
tildipirosin application and spectrum
IM or SC injetion | only against fastidious not mycoplasma
47
draxxin
tulathromycin
48
lincosamides and pleuromutilins substances
lincomycin and tiamulin (pleuromutilins)
49
spectrum of lincomycin and what is a good combination
mycoplasma and anaerobe bacteria, does not take fastidious so its good to combine with spectomycin
50
indications of lincosamides and pleuromutilins
foot diseases mastitis airway infections?
51
administration of lincosamideas and pleuromutilins
injection or locally as an intramammary infusion oral should be avoided
52
indication and administration of tiamulin
airway infections | orally
53
potentiated sulphonamids substances
sulfmethoxazole sulfadimethoxine sulfadiazine sulfachlorpyridazine + trimethoprim
54
indications of potentiated sulphonamides
decreasing usage airway infections masitis IV
55
administration of potentiated sulphonamides
injection IV slowly
56
which generation of fluoroquinolones are used in Ru
second generation
57
substances of fluoroquinolones
enrofloxacin | marbofloxacin
58
indications of fluoroquinolones
airway infections mastitis GI tract infections
59
administration of fluoroquinolones
mastitis - intramammary injection IV injection against gr- orally for calves in case of E.coli and salmonella
60
antibiotics in horses?
everything off label! | AB is not authorized AB for horses - dysbacteriosis
61
which AB should definetly be avoided in horses?
lincosamides (kill GI flora) macrolides - only in young foals amoxicillins + clavulinic acid, procain in young foals should be avoided (no procainase enzyme)
62
which penicillins can be used in horses with probiotics
``` Cefalosporins (ceftiofur) Aminoglycosides (gentamicin, amikacin) Tetracyclines (doxycyline)
 Macrolides (azithro-, clarithromycin) Potentiated sulphonamides Fluoroquinolones
 Rifampicin ```
63
when is cefalosporins used in horses?
life threathening infections, severe cases or no other option
64
aminoglycosides in horses
life threathening cases, local perfusion (inside a joint)
65
tetracyclines in horses
doxycyclines in young horses --> proliferative enteropathy (lawsonia) or respiratory disease
66
macrolides in horses
: in young horses against rhodoccocus equi pneumonia (abscesses in lungs) ORALLY (6 w treatment + separate the foals from the mother because the feces contain the active substance = avoid the contamination of the mother)  macrolides + rifampycins
67
PS in horses
not so used in foals ut sometimes in respiratory disease
68
fluoroquinolones in horses
frequently used, but can have serious SE, it is harmful for foals as well =cartilage tissue damage, causes lameness leading to life threathening cases such as peritonits, pneumonia and opened fractures
69
metronidazole in horses
``` non FPA - table 2 spectrum: anaerobe bacteria GI infection (colic, colitis) GI tract perforation (peritonitis) combination with fluoroquinolones or aminoglycosides ```

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