Use Of Theory

Question 1

The use of theory

Answer 1

-The literature determines what theories may be used to examined the research questions

Question 2

Quantitative tests theories as

Answer 2

Explanations

Question 3

Qualitative studies may generated

Answer 3

Generate the theory

Question 4

Mixed method studies

Answer 4

May have no theories at all or a theoretical framework, in which both qualitative and quantitative data are collected

Question 5

Variable

Answer 5

Characteristic of an individual or a group that is measurable or given a distinct value
-age, gender, body height, weight

Question 6

Variables may have or be

Answer 6

Temporal order,
Measurable
Observable

Question 7

Independent variables

Answer 7

Probably cause outcomes

Question 8

Dependent variable

Answer 8

The outcomes that depend on the independent variables

Question 9

Intervening or mediating varaiables

Answer 9

Variables that stand between the independent and dependent variables

Question 10

Moderating varaiables

Answer 10

New variables that measure the joint impact of two variables

Question 11

Control variable

Answer 11

Independent variables that are measured and statistically “controlled”

Question 12

Confounding variables

Answer 12

Variables that could also affect the dependent variables, but cannot or will not be measured in the framework in the study

Question 13

Examples of variables

Answer 13

Independent variable: ROC in a SSRI
Dependent variable: image magnification
Confounding variable: object location

Independent variable: IOP
Dependent variable: risk of developing glaucoma
Confounding variable: CCT

Question 14

Correlation

Answer 14

The magnitude of the dependent variable can be determined (predicted) from the magnitude of the independent variable (desirably by a simple relationship

Question 15

Causation

Answer 15

The existence of a possible link between and independent variable

Question 16

Causation and correlation

Answer 16

Theoretical models attmpet to provide a framework that explains and links dependent variables to independent and reationailize their causation, if a correlation exists

Question 17

There is a scientific ____ or _____ of what the researcherexpects to find out about a set of interrelated variables

Answer 17

Predication

Explanation

Question 18

When a researcher uses a theory to predict the anticipated outcome of a study, he/she has created the

Answer 18

Hypothesis

Question 19

As the researcher conducts th study and pits forward an explanation for his/her predictions and study findgins, he/she is presenting his/her

Answer 19

Theory

Question 20

Micro-level theories

Answer 20

Limited to a small segment of time, place or number of people

Question 21

Meso-level theories

Answer 21

Link micro-level and macro-level theories

Question 22

Macro level theories

Answer 22

Explain larger scales, for examples the entire society

Question 23

Theory

Answer 23

Interrelated set of constructs formed into proposition that specific the relationships among variables

Describes how and why variables are related

Question 24

Set of hypothesis

Answer 24

Interconnected and demonstrate process

Question 25

Series of if-then statesman’s

Answer 25

These explain why one would expect an independent variable to influence or cause a dependent variable

Question 26

Visual model

Answer 26

These allow th reader to visualize the interconnections between the variables

Question 27

Forms of theories in quantitative research h

Answer 27

Set of hypothesis Series of if then statements Visual model

Question 28

Deductive approach in quantitative research

Answer 28

``` To verify a theory Formulate hypothesis Construct questions from theory Define variables (derived from theory) and ther relationship) Measure or observe variables ```

Question 29

Placement of theory

Answer 29

In the introduction In the literature review After hypotheses or research quations as a rationale In a separate section

Question 30

Advantages to placement of the theory in the introduction

Answer 30

Familiarly to readers conveys a deductive approach

Question 31

Disadvantages of placement of theory in the introduction

Answer 31

May be hard to isolate/separate theory from research process

Question 32

Advantages of placement of theory in the literature review

Answer 32

Logical extension or part of the literature

Question 33

Disadvantages of placement of theory in the literature review

Answer 33

May be hard draw the distinction between what is being reviewed (past) and what is being questioned (present work)

Question 34

Advantages of placement of theory after hypotheses or research questions

Answer 34

Helps explain how and hwy variables have been chosen and rationalize their relationship

Question 35

Disadvantage of placement of theory aft4r hypotheses or research questions

Answer 35

May develop a disconnect between origin and established knowledge

Question 36

Advantages of placement of theory in a separate section

Answer 36

Clearly separates the theory from other components of the research process. Enables the reader to better identify and understand the theoretical foundation of the study

Question 37

Disadvantages of placement of theory in a separate section

Answer 37

Stands in isolation from other components (mainly the questions, the variables, and the methods)

Question 38

Quantitative theoretical perspective

Answer 38

1. Examine discipline, specific literature 2. Examine the existing body of knowledge on the topic and related topics 3. Look for connections between the independent and the dependent variables 4. Script out the theory section

Question 39

Use of qualitative theory

Answer 39

- provides broad explanations - provides theoretical tool for the examination of issues - the theory becomes the end point. Inductive process - no explicit theory

Question 40

Inductive approach in qualitative research

Answer 40

- generalization or theory from past experiences or literature - look for broad partners, or theories from themes or categories - analysis of data to form themes or categories - asking open ended questions

Question 41

Locating theory in a qualitative study

Answer 41

1. Studies based on cultural themes or theoretical lens: The theory is placed in the opening passages. 2. Studies based on emerging design or qualitative inquiry: The theory appears in the beginning and is modified as the study progresses. 3. Studies based on grounded theory or reciprocal relationships: The data determines the theory that is used. (See Examples 3.2 and 3.3.)

Question 42

Mixed methods studies

Answer 42

– Include theory deductively (theory testing and validity) – Include theory inductively (an emerging theory or pattern) – Use a theoretical lens or perspective to guide the study

Question 43

Social science theory use

Answer 43

1. is placed at the beginning of the study and guides the questions/hypothesis. 2. is named and described and it informs the explanation of the major variables in the study. 3. may be diagrammed that indicate the causal links between the primary variables or concepts. 4. guides the data collection process. 5. informs the findings of the study and provides a basis for comparison with other studies.

Question 44

Using transformative theory

Answer 44

1. Indicate at the beginning that transformative theory is in use. 2. Early in the study, outline the framework. 3. Connect the theory with the existing body of knowledge on the topic. 4. Involve the community of interest in the process of the research. 5. Take a stance with the research question. 6. Talk about your experience as a researcher. 7. End the study: Advocate for change