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USHH Gilded Age Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the Gilded Age?

A

The Gilded Age occurred from the 1870s to 90s, characterized by high-level production and a switch from laissez-faire due to the need for government involvement.

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2
Q

What factors contributed to the occurrence of the Gilded Age?

A

Innovation, immigration, availability of raw materials, and less government intervention with businesses.

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3
Q

What was the 2nd Industrial Revolution?

A

A period marked by industrial growth in the US, UK, and Germany, set by the Civil War and the expansion of railroads.

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4
Q

What were some technological advancements during the 2nd Industrial Revolution?

A

Steel and petroleum production, high tariffs to protect industries, and the construction of skyscrapers.

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5
Q

What was the impact of the transcontinental railroad?

A

It spurred industrialization and urbanization, interconnected the country, and facilitated easier transportation of goods.

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6
Q

What was the Pacific Railway Act?

A

Congress granted money and land to Union Pacific and Central Pacific to build the transcontinental railroad.

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7
Q

Who built the Union Pacific Railroad?

A

The Union Pacific Railroad was built westward from Omaha, primarily by Irish immigrants.

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8
Q

What was Credit Mobilier?

A

A scandal where Union Pacific overcharged for work and engaged in corruption by bribing government officials.

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9
Q

Who built the Central Pacific Railroad?

A

The Central Pacific Railroad was built eastward from Sacramento, primarily by Chinese immigrants.

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10
Q

Who was Leland Stanford?

A

A robber baron who played a significant role in building the transcontinental railroad.

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11
Q

Who was Cornelius Vanderbilt?

A

Known as the ‘father of the railroad,’ he used railroad pools to create competition.

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12
Q

What was the significance of the Munn v. Illinois case in 1877?

A

The Supreme Court ruled that states had the right to regulate businesses of a public nature, such as railroads.

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13
Q

What was the Wabash case of 1886?

A

The Supreme Court ruled that states could not regulate interstate commerce, only the federal government could.

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14
Q

What was the Interstate Commerce Act?

A

The first large-scale legislation to regulate corporations, requiring railroad rates to be just and establishing the ICC.

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15
Q

What was the role of the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)?

A

A federal regulatory agency that governed the rules and regulations of the railroading industry.

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16
Q

What inventions did Thomas Edison create?

A

Edison created the phonograph, motion picture camera, and lightbulb.

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17
Q

What is vertical integration?

A

A business strategy where companies control the entire supply chain to avoid dependence on others.

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18
Q

Who was Andrew Carnegie?

A

A Scottish immigrant known as the father of the steel industry and a philanthropist who supported public libraries.

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19
Q

What did Gustavus Swift invent?

A

He invented the refrigerated train car, revolutionizing the meatpacking industry.

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20
Q

What is horizontal integration?

A

A business strategy where companies own all their competition by buying them out or running them out of business.

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21
Q

What are trusts?

A

Organizations that manage the assets of other companies, often with a single director managing rival companies.

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22
Q

Who was John D. Rockefeller?

A

The owner of Standard Oil, known for creating a monopoly and using horizontal integration.

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23
Q

What was the Sherman Anti-Trust Act?

A

Legislation aimed at regulating trusts, initially ineffective but used to break down corporations.

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24
Q

What was Henry Grady’s vision for the New South?

A

A vision for a self-sufficient economy in the South with capitalist values, industrial growth, and improved race relations.

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25
What were department stores?
Retail establishments like Sears that catered to a growing middle class through mail order catalogs.
26
What was the labor movement?
A movement addressing issues like child labor and low-wage jobs, leading to worker exploitation.
27
What are scabs?
Replacement workers brought in to replace strikers during labor disputes.
28
What is sharecropping?
A system where farmers paid for land use with a share of the crops they harvested.
29
What are yellow dog contracts?
Contracts stating that workers would not unionize as a condition of employment.
30
What are blacklists?
Lists of pro-union workers circulated by employers to prevent them from finding work.
31
What is a company town?
A town where everything is owned by a factory owner, and workers must pay rent to their boss.
32
Who were the Molly Maguires?
A secret society of Irish coal miners known for violent resistance to poor working conditions.
33
What was the Great Railroad Strike?
A strike caused by railroad companies cutting wages, leading to widespread disruptions and federal intervention.
34
What was the Knights of Labor?
The first large union representing both skilled and unskilled workers, advocating for worker ownership of factories.
35
Who was Terence Powderly?
The leader of the Knights of Labor.
36
What was the Haymarket Square bombing?
A labor violence incident in Chicago that led to fear of communism.
37
What was the American Federation of Labor?
A successful union that represented skilled laborers and focused on basic issues like wages and hours.
38
Who was Samuel Gompers?
The creator of the American Federation of Labor.
39
What are bread and butter issues?
Basic labor issues such as wages, hours, and workers' compensation.
40
What is a closed shop?
A company where union membership is a condition of employment.
41
What are walk-outs?
When workers leave their jobs to strike, often resulting in employers hiring scabs.
42
What are boycotts?
Actions where consumers stop purchasing or supporting a good or service.
43
What was the Homestead Steel Strike?
A strike against Carnegie Steel that resulted in a 20% wage cut after militia intervention.
44
What was the Pullman Strike?
A strike in Chicago where workers protested wage cuts while rents remained high, leading to federal intervention.
45
Who was Eugene Debs?
The organizer of the Pullman Strike.
46
What is an injunction?
A court order that legally prohibits a person or group from performing an action.
47
What was urbanization?
The movement of people to cities due to new jobs and transportation.
48
Who was Louis Sullivan?
An architect known for designing skyscrapers.
49
What are streetcar suburbs?
Communities that developed along transit routes leading to urban centers.
50
What are ethnic enclaves?
Areas where people of similar ethnicity live together.
51
What are dumbbell tenements?
Unsanitary and overcrowded housing constructed with open ventilation shafts.
52
What are political machines?
Organizations that welcomed newly arrived immigrants to gain their votes.
53
What was Tammany Hall?
A political machine in New York that gained power through immigrant support.
54
Who was 'Boss' Tweed?
The top politician for Tammany Hall who distributed government jobs to loyal supporters.
55
Who was Thomas Nast?
A political cartoonist known for his anti-Tweed illustrations.
56
What is honest graft?
A term for politicians who do not work solely for their own interests.
57
What was old immigration?
Immigration from Ireland, Germany, and Britain, characterized by high literacy and occupational skills.
58
What was new immigration?
Immigration from Eastern and Southern Europe, often poor and illiterate, arriving through Ellis Island.
59
What was the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882?
Legislation that ended Chinese immigration to the United States.
60
What was the significance of parks in urban areas?
Parks provided nature in cities and encouraged recreational activities like biking.
61
What were spectator sports?
Popular activities such as baseball, football, golf, and tennis that emerged during this era.
62
What was the social gospel movement?
A movement emphasizing the application of Christian principles to social problems, aiming to improve housing and wages.
63
What was the Salvation Army?
A welfare organization that provided food, shelter, and employment to the urban poor while promoting temperance.
64
What was the settlement house movement?
The creation of places offering social services to the urban poor, with Hull House being the most famous.
65
Who was Jane Addams?
The founder of Hull House, a settlement house that provided vocational training and assistance to the poor.
66
What was the Red Cross?
An organization that provided aid to soldiers during the Civil War and disaster relief.
67
What was the impact of the middle class growth?
The rise of corporations created new jobs, leading to suburban migration and increased leisure time.
68
What is nativism?
The fear that immigrants would weaken American economy and culture.
69
What is the new morality?
A set of social attitudes that relaxed traditional values regarding gender roles and sexuality.
70
What was the Comstock Law?
A federal law that made mailing sexual materials illegal.
71
What was the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)?
An organization advocating for total abstinence from alcohol.
72
Who was Carrie Nation?
A founder of the WCTU known for raiding saloons and advocating for prohibition.
73
What was the Anti-Saloon League?
A political force that persuaded 21 states to shut down all saloons and bars.
74
What was the National American Women's Suffrage Association?
An organization founded by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony advocating for women's voting rights.
75
What was 'The Nation'?
A newspaper that covered politics and culture, opposing class separation in society.
76
What was Henry George's 'Progress and Poverty'?
A book critiquing wealth inequality from industrialization and proposing a single tax on land.
77
What was Edward Bellamy's 'Looking Backwards'?
A novel that popularized socialist ideas and encouraged government regulation.
78
What was Jacob Riis's 'How the Other Half Lives'?
An exposé on tenement life in New York.
79
What was Henry Demarest Lloyd's 'Wealth Against Commonwealth'?
A critique of Standard Oil Co. for market manipulation and bribing legislators.
80
What was Thorstein Veblen's 'The Theory of the Leisure Class'?
A critique of upper-class consumerism and the display of wealth.
81
Who was Horatio Alger?
A novelist known for writing about the American dream in inexpensive books.

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