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Using Resources Flashcards

(51 cards)

1
Q

What is most of the glass we use called

A

Soda - lime glass

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2
Q

How is soda-lime glass made

A

Heating a mixture of sand, sodium carbonate and limestone

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3
Q

What is borosilicate

A

A glass made of sand and boron trioxide

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4
Q

Why may borosilicate be used instead of soda lime glass

A

It has a higher melting point

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5
Q

How are clay ceramics made

A

Shaping wet clay and then heating

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6
Q

What does the properties of polymers depend on

A

The monomer units
Size of the chains
Molecular structure and density

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7
Q

What are thermosetting polymers

A

Polymers that contain strong covalent bonds between layers

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8
Q

What are thermosoftening polymers

A

Polymers that are easy to separate

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9
Q

What are the properties of thermosetting polymers

A

Hard plastics
High melting point

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10
Q

What are are the properties of thermosoftening polymers

A

Soft plastics
Low melting point

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11
Q

Explain how potable water is produced from fresh water

A

Choose an appropriate source of water
Pass through filter beds
Sterilise to destroy harmful microbes

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12
Q

What do humans use resources for

A

Warmth,shelter, food and transport

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13
Q

What are finite resources used for

A

Their materials and energy 

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14
Q

What is essential for life

A

Water of appropriate quality

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15
Q

What should drinking water contain for human consumption

A

Sufficiently low levels of dissolved salts and microbes

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16
Q

What is potable water

A

Water that is safe to drink

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17
Q

What does the methods used to produce potable water depend upon

A

The availability of water and local conditions

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18
Q

What does the rain in the UK provide

A

Water with a low levels of dissolving substances that connect in the ground, lakes and rivers

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19
Q

How is potable water produced

A

Choosing an appropriate source of water
Passing the water through filter beds
Sterilising

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20
Q

What sterilising agents can be used for potable water

A

Chlorine
ozone
ultraviolet light

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21
Q

What may be required of supplies of freshwater are limited

A

Desalination of salty water or seawater

22
Q

How can desalination be carried out

A

Through distillation or reverse osmosis 

23
Q

What’s the disadvantages of desalination

A

They require large amounts of energy

24
Q

What is wastewater produced by

A

Urban lifestyles and industrial processes

25
What does waste water need before being released into the environment
Treating
26
What does sewage and agricultural waste water require removal of
Organic matter and harmful microbes
27
Industrial waste requires the removal of
Organic matter and harmful chemicals
28
What does sewage treatment include
- Screening and grit removal - sedimentation to produce sewage sludge and effluent - Anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge - Aerobic biological treatment of effluent
29
What are the methods of extracting low-grade ores
Bioleaching and phytomining
30
What do the new ways of extracting low-grade ores avoid
Traditional mining methods of digging and moving and disposing amounts of rock
31
Describe phytomining
- Plants absorb the metal compounds - plants are harvested and then burnt to produce ash that contains metal compounds
32
Describe bioleaching
Bacteria produce leachate solutions that contain metal compounds that can be processed to obtain the metal
33
What do life-cycle assessments do
Assess the environmental impact of products
34
What are the four stages of the life-cycle assessment
- Extracting and processing raw materials - Manufacturing and packaging - Use an operation during its lifetime - Disposal at the end of its useful life including transport and distribution
35
What’s the disadvantages of life-cycle assessments
Allocate numerical values to pollutant affects it’s not very straightforward and requires value judgements
36
What is Corrosion 
The destruction of materials by chemical reactions with substances in the environment
37
What is rusting
An example of corrosion which only applies to iron
38
What is required for iron to rust
Air and water
39
How can corrosion be prevented
Applying a coating that acts as a barrier such as grease paint or electroplating
40
How was aluminium prevented from corrosion
Aluminium has an oxide coating
41
What does coating a more reactive substance provide
Sacrificial protection
42
What is an example of sacrificial protection
Galvanising zinc with iron
43
What is Bronze an alloy of
Copper and tin
44
What is brass and alloy of
Copper and zinc
45
What is gold alloyed with in jewellery
Silver copper and zinc
46
What is the proportion of gold measured in
Carats
47
What is steel alloys of
Iron with specific amounts of carbon and other metals
48
What are the properties of high carbon steel
Strong but brittle
49
What are the properties of low carbon steel
Softer and more easily shaped
50
What does stainless steel contain
Chromium and nickel which are resistant to corrosion
51
What are the properties of aluminium alloys
Low density