Using resources.

Question 1

Humans rely on Earth’s resources for what?

Answer 1

to provide warmth, shelter, food and transport.

Question 2

What do humans rely on now?

Answer 2

Agriculture to supplement or even replace such resources.

Question 3

What are finite resources from the earth processed to provide?

Answer 3

Finite resources from the Earth, oceans and atmosphere are
processed to provide energy and materials.

Question 4

What is potable water?

Answer 4

It is water that is good quality and is safe to drink.

Question 5

How is potable water produced in the UK?

Answer 5

1)Fresh water from a source eg a lake or river is collected.
2) It is passed through a filter bed to remove solid particles
3) Chlorine gas is added to kill any harmful microorganisms.
4) Fluoride is added to drinking water to reduce tooth decay.

Question 6

What can be used to sterilise water?

Answer 6

chlorine, ozone or ultraviolet light.

Question 7

What are the 2 ways sea water can be desalinated to produce pure water?

Answer 7

Distillation and reverse osmosis. Both require lots of energy making it expensive.

Question 8

What happens during distillation?

Answer 8

-The water is boiled to produce steam.
-The steam is condensed to produce pure liquid water.

Question 9

What does sewage treatment include?

Answer 9

• screening and grit removal
• sedimentation to produce sewage sludge and effluent
• anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge
• aerobic biological treatment of effluent.

Question 10

Why is copper a useful metal?

Answer 10

-Good conductor of electricity/heat.
-Easily bent yet hard enough to make water pipes.
-Doesn’t react with water so it lasts a while.

Question 11

Smelting.

Answer 11

-Copper can be extracted from copper-rich ores by heating ores with carbon in a furnace.

Question 12

How can copper be obtained?

Answer 12

-From solutions of copper salts by electrolysis.
-By displacement using scrap iron.

Question 13

Phytomining.

Answer 13

-uses plants to absorb metal compounds.
-The plants are harvested and then burned to produce ash that contains metal compounds.

Question 14

Bioleaching-extracted from low grade-ores.

Answer 14

uses bacteria to produce leachate solutions that contain metal compounds.
The metal compounds can be processed to obtain the metal

Question 15

When do metals corrode?

Answer 15

When they react with oxygen and water.

Question 16

Rusting (When iron object corrode) equation

Answer 16

Iron + Water + oxygen = Hydrated iron (III) oxide.

Question 17

How can corrosion be prevented?

Answer 17

By painting, electroplating or greasing a metal stopping oxygen and water from reaching the iron surface.

Question 18

What happens in sacrificial protection?

Answer 18

A more reactive metal is placed in contact with the metal.
Eg blocks of magnesium are attached to the iron and they attract the ions.

Question 19

Galvanising

Answer 19

-Object is coated in a layer of zinc.
The zinc layer stops oxygen and water from reaching the metal.

Question 20

How is soda-lime glass made?

Answer 20

By heating a mixture of sand, sodium carbonate and limestone and is used as window glass.

Question 21

How is Borosilicate glass made?

Answer 21

From sand and boron trioxide, melts at higher
temperatures than soda-lime glass.

Question 22

How are clay ceramics made?

Answer 22

Made by shaping wet clay and then heating in a furnace.

Question 23

What do composite materials consist off?

Answer 23

Consists of two materials with different properties. eg concrete.

Question 24

Why are Life cycle assessments (LCAs) are carried out?

Answer 24

to assess the environmental impact of products in each of these stages:
* extracting and processing raw materials
* manufacturing and packaging
* use and operation during its lifetime
* disposal at the end of its useful life, including transport and distribution at each stage.

Question 25

The reduction in use, reuse and recycling of materials by end users reduces what?

Answer 25

The use of limited resources, use of energy sources, waste
and environmental impacts.

Question 26

What is the Haber process used for?

Answer 26

Used to manufacture ammonia, which is used to produce nitrogen-based fertilisers.

Question 27

What are the raw materials for the Haber process?

Answer 27

nitrogen and hydrogen.

Question 28

Where can nitrogen and hydrogen be taken from?

Answer 28

Purified nitrogen-Fractional distillation of liquid air.
Hydrogen-natural gas/steam.

Question 29

What is the nitrogen/hydrogen passed over?

Answer 29

passed over a catalyst of iron at a high temperature and a high pressure .
Some of the hydrogen and nitrogen reacts to form
ammonia.
Reversible reaction so some of the ammonia
produced breaks down into nitrogen and hydrogen.
nitrogen + hydrogen ⇌ ammonia

Question 30

What happens on cooling?

Answer 30

On cooling, the ammonia liquefies and is removed. The remaining hydrogen and nitrogen are recycled.

Question 31

Is the reaction between nitrogen/hydrogen exothermic or endothermic?

Answer 31

Exothermic.

Question 32

What are the best conditions in order to produce ammonia?

Answer 32

High pressure= high yield of ammonia.
Iron catalyst increase rate of reaction.
Moderate temperature.

Question 33

What do NPK fertilisers contain?

Answer 33

Compounds of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are used as fertilisers to improve agricultural productivity.

Question 34

What do the three numbers in NPK mean?

Answer 34

• First number gives the percent of nitrogen.
  -Second number relates to the amount of phosphorus
  -Third number relates to the amount of potassium.

Question 35

How can ammonia be used to produce nitric acid and ammonium nitrate?

Answer 35

Ammonia:
-Can be oxidised to produce nitric acid.
-Can neutralise nitric acid to produce ammonium nitrate.

Question 36

How are these- Potassium chloride, potassium sulfate and phosphate rock obtained?

Answer 36

By mining but phosphate rock cannot be used directly as
a fertiliser.
Phosphate rock is treated with nitric acid or sulfuric acid to produce soluble salts that can be used as fertilisers.

Question 37

When phosrate rock is treated with nitric acid what is produced?

Answer 37

Produces phosphoric acid and calcium nitrate. Then its neutralised with ammonia to produce ammonium phosphate.

Question 38

When phosphate rock reacts with sulfuric acid what is produced?

Answer 38

It makes a single superphosphate-mixture of calcium phosphate and calcium sulfate.

Question 39

What happens when phosphate rock is reacted with phosphoric acid?

Answer 39

It makes a triple superphosphate (calcium phosphate).