- plants grow on land containg copper - copper is absorbed - planst are harvested and burned - the ash contains copper

using resources Flashcards by imi s

what type of water is safe to drink?

potable water

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what is pure water

water that has no dissolved substances
ONLY H2O

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where can potable water come from?

fresh water like rain, rivers

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how to get potable water

filter beds
sterilise

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ways of sterilising water

chlorine
ozone
uv

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if fresh water scarce how is sea water turned to potable water
and the two types and problem

desalination
- reverse osmosis- through membrane
- distilation- lots of energy- money

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example of natural product replaced by synthetic products

rubber
^sap from trees
to crude oil

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how is waste water treated

screened through mesh to get rid of insoluble products
sedimentation- turning into liquid effluent and ludge
- liquid effluent:
- gas bubble dtrhough for aerobic bacteria to digest organic matter & microorganism
- sludge:
- anaerboic bacteia digest- producing biogas which gets burned for eeectricty
- the rest of the sludge is used as fertilsier

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2 ways ti exrat copper compounds

phytomining
bioleaching

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phytomining

plants grow on land containg copper
copper is absorbed
planst are harvested and burned
the ash contains copper

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bioleaching

baceria breaks the nbonds btween the ore and copper

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how is copper extracted from copper compounds

displavced by iron
electroloysis

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what do life cycle assessments assess

the environmental impact of:
- extracting & processing raw materials
- manufactoring
- product during its lifetimes
- disposal

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issues with metals & plastics

plastics- polymers- crude oil- cracked- energy- fossil fuels
metals- ores mined- extraction- energy
^ transport

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environemntals impacts with disposal

chemicals- energy
transportation to landfills etc

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plastic vs paper bags
LCA

plastic- cru oil which can leak detsrying habitats
paper- trees, renewable, sestructieto habitats
plastic- strong
paper- not strong
transportation- energy
plastic- non biodegradable

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issue with LCA

biased
not always accurate

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what is corrosion

destruction of materials by chemical reactions with substances in the environment

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what can rust

ONLY iron and alloys of iron like steel

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describe experiment for rusting

3 test tubes
1. iron nail in distilled water- water & air
2. iron nail in BOILED distilled water removed sissolved air) WITH oil on top water & no air
3. iron nail in anhydrogous calcium chloride (removed water from air) WITh rubber bung- no water & just air

rusts ONLY IN no.1- rusting needs water & air

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how to stop erosion

barriers
- grease
- paint
- electroplaing- coating in metal

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what metal can coat to stop erosion

aluminium- aluminium oxide

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sacrificial protection

coating that contain more reactive metal
EXAMPLE
- zinc to galvanise steel

bronze

alloy of
- copper
- tin

brass

alloy of - copper - zinc

gold alloy and proportion of gold in alloy

- silver - copper - zinc measured in carats 24 carat- 100% 18 carat- 75%

steel

- iron - ! carbon

high carbon steel vs low carbon

high- strong but britle low- soft and more easily shaped

stainless steel

steel containing: - nickel - chromium - *hard and resitant to corrosion*

low density alloys

alumium alloys

materials we produe using raw materials 5

- glass - metal - building materials - plastics

why do we need to reduce the need for raw materials?

quarrying- dust & destrots habitats mining- harmful chemicals and reqires lots of energy to urn ino useul products ^ fossl fuels

how to reduce need for raw materials? eg glass metal plastic bottle

- reuse - recycle ! - glass- reuse, crushed - plastic bottles- fleece jackets, carpets - metals- meleted recastes - HOWEVER diff metals may need to be seperatued - ^ srap steel- redue use of rion

2 types of glass- differences and how made

- **soda lime glass**- sand + sodium carbonate + limestone -*low melting point* - **borosilicate**- sand + boron trioxide- *high metling point*

how is clay ceramics produced

- clay- mineral found in ground- wet- shaped- heated in furnace eto harden - for pottery - bricks

what make up composites

2 different materials - reinforcement- fibres or fragments of material - bround by matric/binder materials

2 examples of composites

- carbon fibre composite- carbon binded by plastics - reinforced concrete- steel binded by concrete

low density polythene vs high denisty polythene

LD- softer than HD both made from monomer ethene just different condition

what conditons cn change properties of plymers

- reaction temperature - reaction pressue - catalyst

thermosoftening vs thermosetting

thermosoftening- polymer strands connected by **intermoleular** forces that break when heated thermosetting- polymer strands connected by **strong crosslinks** that DONT break when heated

what is the haber process used for?

to manufacture ammonia which can be used to produced nitrogen based fertilisers

how are the raw materials of Haber process produced?

- nitrogen- air - hydrogen- methane with steam

equation for haber process

N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) <> 2NH3 (g) REVERSIBLE

conditions for Haber process and why

- **iron catalyst**- ^ rate of reaction - high tmperature- > exothermic, needs cool temperatures, but that SLOWS reaction - **450C** - high pressure needed to move equillibrium to right- but DANGEROUS, expensive **200 atmospheres**

how is ammonia removed`

cooled and liquifyies

NPK fertilisers compounds

NITROGEN PHOSPHOROUS POTASSIUM -K

what is NPK fertiliers form....

formulations of different salts

nitrogen compound

ammonium nitrate NH4NO3 - ammonia- haber process - ^ used to make nitric acid - ^ add more ammonia-> ammonium nitrate

potassium compounds

potassium chloride poassium sulfate MINED

phosphate rock + nitric acid

phosphoric acid + calcium nitrate - phosphoric acid + ammonia (nautrilised) -> ammonium phosphate

phosphate rock + sulfuric acid

calcium phosphate + calcium sulfate ^ mixture- single superphosphate

phosphate rock + phosphuric acid

triple superphosphate

phosphate in NPK

from phosphate rock cant just used phosphate - nitric acid - sulfuric acid - phosphoric acid

ammonium nitrate neatralistaion reaction in school lavs vs industriall

labs- diluc nitric acid & ammonia industry- ammonia gas, concntrated nitric acid ^ dangerous, very exo, lot of heat labs- cystals ove water bath using bunsen burner- lot of energy industry- eapouraton energy from reaction labs- small amounts- batch process industry- continous process