Using Resources

Question 1

What is sustainable development?

Answer 1

Development that meets the needs of current generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

Question 2

What is potable water

Answer 2

Water that is safe to drink

Question 3

What is the difference between pure water and potable water?

Answer 3

Pure water contains only H20
Potable water is drinkable water - could contain minerals

Question 4

How do you test for water?

Answer 4

Anhydrous copper sulphate turns from white to blue

Cobalt chloride paper turns from blue to pink

Question 5

Describe two desalination techniques

Answer 5

Distillation
Reverse osmosis - forcing water through a fine membrane

Question 6

Why is desalination only used where fresh water is in low supply?

Answer 6

It requires large amounts of energy

Question 7

How is potable water produced in the UK?

Answer 7

• An appropriate source of fresh water is chosen
• Water is filtered
• Water is sterilised

Question 8

How can water be sterilised?

3 ways

Answer 8

Chlorine
Ozone
UV light

Question 9

How is sewage treated?

Answer 9

• Filtered to remove large solids and grit
• Sedimentation (dirt sinks to the bottom) separates effluent and sludge
• Effluent treated with aerobic microbes
• Sludge treated with anaerobic microbes, produces methane (used for energy) and leftover organic material (used for fertiliser)

Question 10

What are the three types of water available to make potable?

Answer 10

Ground water
Salt water
Waste water (sewage)

Question 11

What are the two main methods for extracting low-grade ores?

Answer 11

Phytomining
Bioleaching

Question 12

What is phytomining?

Answer 12

Plants absorb metal ores, then are harvested and burned to produce ash containing metal compounds

Question 13

What is bioleaching?

Answer 13

Uses bacteria to feed on metal ores and produce leachate solutions containing metal compounds. These can be processed to obtain the pure metal (E.g. electrolysis)

Question 14

What are life cycle assessments?

Answer 14

They assess the environmental impact of products

Question 15

What are the stages of life cycle assessments?

Answer 15

• Extracting and processing raw materials
• Manufacturing and packaging
• Use and operation during lifetime
• Disposal and transportation
  (+Distribution at each stage)

Question 16

What are the disadvantages of life cycle assessments?

Answer 16

They can be misused for advertising purposes

Question 17

What is corrosion?

Answer 17

The destruction of materials by chemical reactions with substances in the environment

Question 18

What is needed for iron to rust?

Answer 18

Air and water

Question 19

What ways can corrosion be prevented?

Answer 19

Applying a coating to act as a barrier (E.g. painting)
Sacrificial protection (more reactive coatings)

Question 20

What is bronze an alloy of?

Answer 20

Copper and tin

Question 21

What is brass an alloy of?

Answer 21

Copper and zinc

Question 22

Why is aluminium used in alloys?

Answer 22

To lower the density

Question 23

What percentage of gold is in 24K?

Answer 23

100%

Question 24

What percentage of gold is in 18K?

Answer 24

75%

Question 25

What is a property of steels containing chromium and nickel?

Answer 25

Stainless steel Hard and resistant to corrosion

Question 26

Why are alloys stronger than pure metals?

Answer 26

Made from different sized atoms Distorts the regular layers of metal atoms Stops the layers sliding over each other

Question 27

What is stainless steel made of?

Answer 27

Iron, carbon, chromium, and nickel

Question 28

What are the properties of low carbon steel?

Answer 28

Soft and easily shaped

Question 29

What are the properties of high carbon steel?

Answer 29

Strong and brittle

Question 30

What is low carbon steel used for?

Answer 30

Frames, bridges, etc.

Question 31

What is high carbon steel used for?

Answer 31

Cutting tools, springs, high strength wires

Question 32

What are thermosoftening polymers?

Answer 32

Polymers that melt when heated

Question 33

What are thermosetting polymers?

Answer 33

Polymers that don't melt when heated

Question 34

What do the properties of polymers depend on?

Answer 34

What monomers they were made from and in what conditions

Question 35

What is soda-lime glass made from?

Answer 35

Sand, sodium carbonate, and limestone

Question 36

What is borosilicate glass made from and why?

Answer 36

Sad and boron trioxide Melts at higher temperatures

Question 37

How are ceramics made?

Answer 37

Shaping wet clay and heating in a furnace

Question 38

What is the Haber process? (give the word equation)

Answer 38

Nitrogen + Hydrogen ⇋ Ammonia

Question 39

What are the conditions required for the Haber process?

Answer 39

Passed over an iron catalyst High temperature (450°C) High pressure (200 atmospheres)

Question 40

Where does the hydrogen used for the Haber process come from?

Answer 40

Natural gas

Question 41

Where does the nitrogen used in the Haber process come from?

Answer 41

The air

Question 42

What three elements are in NPK fertilisers?

Answer 42

Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium

Question 43

What 3 acids can be reacted with mined phosphate rock to produce fertiliser salts?

Answer 43

Phosphoric acid Sulphuric acid Nitric acid

Question 44

What salt is made when phosphate rock reacts with sulphuric acid?

Answer 44

Single superphosphate

Question 45

What salt is made when phosphate rock reacts with nitric acid?

Answer 45

Calcium nitrate

Question 46

What salt is made when phosphate rock reacts with phosphoric acid?

Answer 46

Triple superphosphate