USING RESOURCES

Question 1

What the correct order for the stages of a life cycle assessment?

Answer 1

1. extracting and processing of raw materials
2. manufacturing and packaging the product
3. using the product
4. disposing of the product

Question 2

What are ceramics + how are they made

Answer 2

a group of hard, brittle, heat-resistant, and corrosion-resistant materials.
shaping and then firing a nonmetallic material, such as clay, at a high temperature

Question 3

two main groups of ceramics

Answer 3

clay & glass

Question 4

how are clay ceramics made

Answer 4

shaping wet clay while its soft and then heating to a high temp in a furnace

Question 5

property of clay ceramics

Answer 5

high compressive strength

Question 6

examples of clay ceramics

Answer 6

brick, china & porcelain

Question 7

how to make soda-lime glass ceramic

Answer 7

melt a mix of sand, sodium carbonate and limestone then allow it to cool & solidify

Question 8

how to make borosilicate glass ceramics

Answer 8

heat sand with boron trioxide

Question 9

properties of glass

Answer 9

transpaent, strong & good thermal insulator

Question 10

composite definition

Answer 10

two or more materials with different properties, that have been combined to produce a material with more desirable properties.

Question 11

two components of composite materials

Answer 11

the reinforcement
the matrix ( binds reinforcement together)

Question 12

Which component of a composite often consists of long solid fibres or fragments?

Answer 12

reinforcement

Question 13

polymer definition

Answer 13

large molecules of high relative molecular mass and are made by linking together large numbers of smaller molecules called monomers.

Question 14

properties of thermosoftening polymers

Answer 14

lots of polymer chains held together by weak IM forces that break easily when heated ( it melts)
will harden again when cooled

Question 15

properties of thermosetting polymers

Answer 15

lots of polymer chains held together by strong covalent bonds that require a lot of energy to break ( don’t soften when heated)
so hare hard, strong & rigid

Question 16

What is the key difference between metals and alloys?

Answer 16

alloys = not malleable

Question 17

corrosion definition

Answer 17

the process by which metals are slowly broken down by reacting with substances in their environment

Question 18

rusting equation

Answer 18

iron + oxygen + water ——> hydrated iron (III) oxide ( rust)

Question 19

is iron oxidised or reduced in rusting

Answer 19

oxidised

Question 20

is oxygen oxidised or reduced in rusting

Answer 20

reduced

Question 21

TRUE or FALSE - rusting is a redox reaction

Answer 21

TRUE

Question 22

conditions required for rusting to take place

Answer 22

water
oxygen

Question 23

what are the barrier methods for preventing iron from rusting

Answer 23

preventing oxygen and water from touching the iron
1. paint it
2. oil/grease it
3. electroplating (electrolysis to cover iron with another metal

Question 24

sacrificial method to prevent rusting + how it works

Answer 24

add more reactive metal to iron
if exposed to oxygen, more reactive metal will be oxidised instead and can be replaced

Question 25

what is glavanising

Answer 25

coating the object in a layer of zinc

Question 26

Why doesn't aluminium break down as it corrodes like iron does?

Answer 26

The aluminium oxide forms a protective layer, preventing further oxidation

Question 27

why is wood more sustainable than plastic

Answer 27

can grow more trees plastic is made from crude oil which is a finite resource

Question 28

how mare metals recycled

Answer 28

seperate into elements melt reshape

Question 29

what is sustainable development

Answer 29

development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

Question 30

what is potable water

Answer 30

water thats safe to drink

Question 31

3 criteria for potable water

Answer 31

no microorganisms levels of dissolved substances need to be fairly low pH between 6.5 and 8.5

Question 32

what is surface water + eg.

Answer 32

bodies of water that are exposed at the surface rivers, lakes, reservoirs

Question 33

steps to getting fresh water

Answer 33

1. pass through wire mesh to filter out big things 2. pass through sand/gravel (filters out smaller bits) 3. sterilise it (kill any microbes) (bubble chlorine gas through it/UV light/ozone)

Question 34

what is desalination + the two options for it

Answer 34

extracting potable water from sea water distillation/reverse osmosis

Question 35

how does reverse osmosis work

Answer 35

salty water is passed through membrane that only allows water molecules to pass through so get pure distilled water

Question 36

what is domestic waste

Answer 36

household waste that goes into sewers then to sewage treatment plants

Question 37

what is agricultural system waste

Answer 37

nutrient run off / animal waste

Question 38

what is industrial waste

Answer 38

waste produced by factories like chemicals

Question 39

steps of sewage treatment

Answer 39

1. screening - pass through mesh to remove anything large 2. sedimentation -heavier waste goes to bottom of tank to form sludge , lighter forms effluent waste effluent undergoes aerobic conditions (pump air in) -- aerobic digestion - now safe water sludge goes through anaerobic conditions (keep sealed so no o2) -- anaerobic digestion

Question 40

what does anaerobic digestion of sludge create

Answer 40

methane - then burned as energy source leftover waste - used as fertilser - rich in nutrients

Question 41

how to get riid of toxic substances in waste waterr

Answer 41

UV radiation Ozone Adding chemicals

Question 42

what is the harber process

Answer 42

the industrial porduction of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen

Question 43

what is the ammonia used for from harber

Answer 43

used in nitrogen based fertilisers that grows the food we eat

Question 44

is harber process endo or exothermic

Answer 44

exothermic

Question 45

what catalyst is used in harber process

Answer 45

iron

Question 46

what temp and pressure is used in harber

Answer 46

450 degrees 200 atmospheres

Question 47

what happens gto the unrreacted hydrogen and nitrogen in harber

Answer 47

passed back through reactor

Question 48

why is 450 degrees chosen for harber

Answer 48

even tho it produces lower yeild, it produces higher rate of reaction as kinetic energy = higher so particles collide more low enough that it will still favour the forward reaction also generating heat = expensive

Question 49

why isnt a higher pressure used in harber

Answer 49

v expensive dangerous - safety

Question 50

where does the nitrogen come from thats used in harber

Answer 50

the air

Question 51

wheres the hydrogen come from thats used in harber

Answer 51

made from hydrocarbons

Question 52

formulation definition

Answer 52

mixture thats been designed as a useful product

Question 53

three main elemts that plants needs

Answer 53

nitrogen phosphorous potassium

Question 54

source of ammonia for nitrogen fertilisers

Answer 54

harber process

Question 55

What is the main reason plants need nitrogen?

Answer 55

To make amino acids that can be used to produce proteins

Question 56

how to get phosphorous for fertilisers

Answer 56

mined from ground as phosphate rock

Question 57

single superphosphate

Answer 57

reaction w sulphuric acid and phosphorous making calcium sulfate and calcium phosphate

Question 58

triple superphosphate

Answer 58

Reaction with phosphoric acid only produces calcium phosphate

Question 59

What useful compound is produced when phosphate rock is reacted with phosphoric acid?

Answer 59

triple superphosphate

Question 60

why cant we use the phosphate salts mined from rocks in fertilisers

Answer 60

theyre insoluble, plants cant use them as nutrients

Question 61

What do plant fertilisers do?

Answer 61

They provide mineral ions needed by plants