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using the recourses Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

what is sustainable development

A

an approach to human and economic development that meets the needs of current generations without harming the lives of future generations

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2
Q

what shouldn’t we do that could affect the lives of future generations

A

use up all limited resources
damage the environment
increase global warming

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3
Q

how can we develop more sustainably and why isn’t this necessarily working

A

use more renewable recourse such as wood and not plastic
.to make the wood usable we need to use fossil fuels to manufacture etc

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4
Q

what do you have to do to some metals before melting them to recycling them

A

separating them out into their different elements

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5
Q

what is potable water

A

water that is safe to drink but not necessarily pure

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6
Q

what are the three criteria water has to meet in order to be considered potable

A
  • levels of dissolved substances need to be low
  • PH between 6.5 and 8.5
  • no microorganisms in it
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7
Q

where can we get potable water from

A

fresh water

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8
Q

explain how we can get fresh water (where it forms and the positives and negatives)

A
  • when it rains
    collects as ground water (underground)
    surface water (lakes, river) - easy to access, replaced frequently, can dry off as exposed to sun
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9
Q

what are the three steps to treat fresh water so it becomes potable

A
  • take fresh water through a wire mesh to filter any big objects - twigs
  • pass through bed of sand and gravel - filter any smaller solid parts
  • sterilise it to kill any bacteria
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10
Q

what are the three ways is fresh water sterilised

A
  • bubble through chlorine gas
  • passing through ozone and ultraviolet light
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11
Q

what technique do people from countries with not much rain use to get potable water

A

desalination

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12
Q

what is desalination and what methods are used to complete this and why isn’t it that much of a good idea

A

extracting potable water from sea water
- uses distillation and reverse osmosis
- need a lot of energy and expensive

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13
Q

how is distillation and reverse osmosis used to gain potable water

A

distillation - turn into water vapour and condense (like at school)
reverse osmosis - salty water massed through a membrane only allowing water to pass through

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14
Q

what are the three main sources of waste water

A

domestic - household waste
agricultural - animal waste and nutrient run offs
industrial - factories that make or use chemicals

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15
Q

why must domestic and agricultural waste be treated before going into rivers or seas and what more is done to industrial waste

A

remove any organic matter, harmful microbes therefore preventing health risks

  • requires extra steps to remove the chemicals
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16
Q

how does sewage treatment work

A
  • screening the sewage - removing anything large - through a mesh
  • let sewage sit in a settlement tank to allow sedimentation to occur (any solid part of sink to bottom) and lighter part will stay on top and then separate into two tanks
  • break down organic matter - biological breakdown by microorganisms
    affluent (liquid tank) will be under aerobic conditions
    sludge (solid) will be under anaerobic conditions
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17
Q

some water may need extra sewage treatment to be able to become fresh water - why and how is this fixed

A

if there is toxic substances
adding extra chemicals or using ultraviolet rays

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18
Q

what is a life cycle assessment

A

analyse the different stages on a products life cycle in order to asses the impact it has on the environment

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19
Q

what are the four main stages of a life cycle assessment

A
  • extracting and processing
  • manufacturing and packing
  • using
  • disposing
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20
Q

how is extracting and processing raw materials be harmful to the environment

A

extracting is damaging to local environment - cutting down forests
- digging mines

processing indirectly damage environment
- huge energy required
- pollutant are released

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21
Q

how is manufacturing and packing materials harmful to the environment

A
  • require a lot of energy
  • release of pollution
  • production of waste products
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22
Q

when assessing the impact of using a product what do we have to consider

A

how damaging it is during its lifetime
how long you are using the product for

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23
Q

how is disposing materials harmful to the environment

A

if in a landfill you are using space that could have been used for nature
chemicals might be released int surrounding ecosystems
if burning them it will release pollutants

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24
Q

what are some limitations of the life cycle assessment

A
  • making products uses loads of steps and hard to quantify all of them
  • difficult to asses the harm of each steps
  • so complex and therefore be manipulated to deliberately support a particular company
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25
define corrosion and give an example
the process at which metals slowly are broken down by reacting with substances in their environment rusting = iron + oxygen ---hydrated iron oxide (rust)
26
what are the conditions required for rusting to take place
- need iron, oxygen and water -
27
what happens if iron is left long enough in the correct conditions
as it rusts on the top, the pieces brake off revealing new metal underneath, this then rusts and breaks down eventually breaking down the entire chunk of iron
28
what are the two methods of preventing metals from rusting
barrier methods and sacrifical methods
29
how do barrier methods of preventing rusting work and what are the barrier methods
preventing oxygen and water from coming into contact with the metal - paint it - oil it - electroplating - use electrolysis in a thin metal
30
how do sacrificial methods of preventing rusting work
adding a more reactive metal to the iron so if it is exposed the more reactive metal will be oxidised
31
what are the names of the two alternative methods of extracting metals
phytomining and bioleaching
32
why do we use alternative methods of extracting metals
metal ores are becoming scares and as the demand for metals increases we need to find alternative ways to extract metals from low grade ores which is harder as there is less metal inside them
33
explain the process of phytomining to abstract metals
plants are grown on land containing the metal we want the plants absorb the metal compound where they concentrate in the tissue plants are harvested and burned, the ash has a relatively high concentration of the metal
34
explain the process of bioleaching to abstract metals
uses bacteria and mixes them with a low grade ore, the bacteria carry out chemical reactions and produce a solution called a leachate which contains the metal compound we want
35
after extracting a metal using an alternate method what must be done to extract the metal from the compound
in copper compounds we displace the copper using iron as iron is more reactive than copper also use electrolysis
36
what are some positives about the alternative methods of extracting metals
allow us to economically extract metals from low grade ores which is important as metals are limited methods don't involve digging, transporting and disposing of large amounts of rock
37
why do we need to reduce the amount of recourses we use
only have limited recourses and we need to save them. things such as fossil fuels and energy also reduce the amount of waste that we produce
38
how can we reduce the use of recourses
recycling plastic bottles and glass bottles, can recycle metals by crushing them down into different products (some need to be separated)
39
what is an alloy
an alloy contains a metal blended with other metals. melt a metal and mix with another element and wait for it to cool
40
what are the properties of alloys
harder than usual metals (disrupts layers and stops from sliding)
41
what does the alloy steel contain
non metal carbon chromium and nickel for stainless steel
42
what are some uses of the alloy steel
- cutting tools - car bodies - airplane bodies
43
what are the two types of ceramics
glass and clay
44
what is soda lime glass ideal for
windows and bottles
45
how is soda lime glass made
mix sand, sodium carbonate and limestone and heat in a furnace
46
what is a limitation of soda lime glass
has a low melting point and therefore limiting it's uses
47
what is borosilicate glass used for
kitchenware and labware as it has a higher melting point
48
what are some uses of clay ceramics
bricks and vases
49
what are composites
a composite material contains two or more materials with different properties
50
what are composites mainly used for and why
cars and planes as they are very light and strong
51
give an example of a composite
reinforced concrete - steel bars surrounded by concrete
52
what are thermosoftening polymers
melt when heated and therefore can be reshaped and re cooled
53
what is the structure of thermosoftening polymers
held by intermolecular forces which break allowing it to melt
54
what is the structure of thermosetting polymers
connected by strong crosslinks which aren't broken by heat
54
what are thermosetting polymers
dont melt when heated
55
how are polymers formed
by joining together a large number of monomers
56
what conditions can we change in order to change the properties of a polymer
temperature, pressure, use a catalyst
57
what is the harber process
an industrial process used to form ammonia from hydrogen and nitrogen
58
what is ammonia
useful chemical usually used in farming
59
what is the chemical formular to make ammonia
N^2 + 3H2 ---------> 2NH3 <-------- iron catalyst
60
what raw materials are needed for the harbour process and where can these be extracted from
nitrogen - extracted from air hydrogen - reacting methane with steam
61
how is ammonia made from nitrogen and hydrogen
purified hydrogen and nitrogen passed over iron catalyst at around 450 degrees and 200 atmospheres pressure causing some hydrogen and nitrogen to react
62
why is the process of making ammonia a reversible reaction
some ammonia breaks back down into hydrogen and nitrogen
63
how can we increase the yield of ammonia
cool the ammonia to turn it into a liquid which is removed and can be recycled back in with the catalyst
64
what is Le Chanteliers principle
if a system is at equalibrium and a change is made to any of the conditions then the system responds to counteract that change
65
how can we produce more ammonia using a shift in equilibrium
cool temperature shifts equilibrium to the right hand side producing more ammonia high pressure shifts equilibrium to right hand side
66
what are fertilisers
critical for modern farming as they replace elements that have been taken up by plants
67
what are NPK fertilisers
formulations of different salts that are needed by plants
68
what do NPK fertilisers contain
compounds of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium
69
where and how are NPK fertilisers produced
large industrial facilities - a variety of different raw materials are mixed together
70
how do we make the main component of nitrogen (ammonium nitrate)
use ammonia created by the harbour process use this ammonia to produce nitric acid which is then reacted with more ammonia to make ammonium nitrate
71
where do we get the potassium from which is used in NPK fertilises
mined from the ground
72
where do we get phosphate rock
extracted from the ground but it has to be chemically processed before being put into NPK fertilisers
73
what is produced when phosphate rock is treated with nitric acid
phosphoric acid and calcium nitrate
74
phosphoric acid cannot be added directly to plants, what do we do first
neutralise with ammonia
75
what happens when we treat phosphoric rock with sulphuric acid and what is it called
make a mixture of calcium phosphate and calcium sulphate, this is called single superphosphate which can be added to NPK fertilisers
76
what happens when we treat phosphoric rock with phosphoric acid
makes tripe superphosphate which can be found in NPK fertilisers
77
compare the production of fertilisers in industry and in a lab (use ammonium nitrate)
school lab - use dilute ammonia and nitric acid to make sure it is safter ( not as exothermic) school lab -produce crystals using a Bunsen burner which requires a lot of energy but in industry heat is already provided school - only create small amount at a time

chemistry two (5 decks)

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