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chemistry two > using the recourses > Flashcards

using the recourses Flashcards

1
Q

what is sustainable development

A

an approach to human and economic development that meets the needs of current generations without harming the lives of future generations

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2
Q

what shouldn’t we do that could affect the lives of future generations

A

use up all limited resources
damage the environment
increase global warming

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3
Q

how can we develop more sustainably and why isn’t this necessarily working

A

use more renewable recourse such as wood and not plastic
.to make the wood usable we need to use fossil fuels to manufacture etc

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4
Q

what do you have to do to some metals before melting them to recycling them

A

separating them out into their different elements

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5
Q

what is potable water

A

water that is safe to drink but not necessarily pure

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6
Q

what are the three criteria water has to meet in order to be considered potable

A
  • levels of dissolved substances need to be low
  • PH between 6.5 and 8.5
  • no microorganisms in it
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7
Q

where can we get potable water from

A

fresh water

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8
Q

explain how we can get fresh water (where it forms and the positives and negatives)

A
  • when it rains
    collects as ground water (underground)
    surface water (lakes, river) - easy to access, replaced frequently, can dry off as exposed to sun
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9
Q

what are the three steps to treat fresh water so it becomes potable

A
  • take fresh water through a wire mesh to filter any big objects - twigs
  • pass through bed of sand and gravel - filter any smaller solid parts
  • sterilise it to kill any bacteria
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10
Q

what are the three ways is fresh water sterilised

A
  • bubble through chlorine gas
  • passing through ozone and ultraviolet light
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11
Q

what technique do people from countries with not much rain use to get potable water

A

desalination

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12
Q

what is desalination and what methods are used to complete this and why isn’t it that much of a good idea

A

extracting potable water from sea water
- uses distillation and reverse osmosis
- need a lot of energy and expensive

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13
Q

how is distillation and reverse osmosis used to gain potable water

A

distillation - turn into water vapour and condense (like at school)
reverse osmosis - salty water massed through a membrane only allowing water to pass through

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14
Q

what are the three main sources of waste water

A

domestic - household waste
agricultural - animal waste and nutrient run offs
industrial - factories that make or use chemicals

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15
Q

why must domestic and agricultural waste be treated before going into rivers or seas and what more is done to industrial waste

A

remove any organic matter, harmful microbes therefore preventing health risks

  • requires extra steps to remove the chemicals
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16
Q

how does sewage treatment work

A
  • screening the sewage - removing anything large - through a mesh
  • let sewage sit in a settlement tank to allow sedimentation to occur (any solid part of sink to bottom) and lighter part will stay on top and then separate into two tanks
  • break down organic matter - biological breakdown by microorganisms
    affluent (liquid tank) will be under aerobic conditions
    sludge (solid) will be under anaerobic conditions
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17
Q

some water may need extra sewage treatment to be able to become fresh water - why and how is this fixed

A

if there is toxic substances
adding extra chemicals or using ultraviolet rays

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18
Q

what is a life cycle assessment

A

analyse the different stages on a products life cycle in order to asses the impact it has on the environment

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19
Q

what are the four main stages of a life cycle assessment

A
  • extracting and processing
  • manufacturing and packing
  • using
  • disposing
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20
Q

how is extracting and processing raw materials be harmful to the environment

A

extracting is damaging to local environment - cutting down forests
- digging mines

processing indirectly damage environment
- huge energy required
- pollutant are released

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21
Q

how is manufacturing and packing materials harmful to the environment

A
  • require a lot of energy
  • release of pollution
  • production of waste products
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22
Q

when assessing the impact of using a product what do we have to consider

A

how damaging it is during its lifetime
how long you are using the product for

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23
Q

how is disposing materials harmful to the environment

A

if in a landfill you are using space that could have been used for nature
chemicals might be released int surrounding ecosystems
if burning them it will release pollutants

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24
Q

what are some limitations of the life cycle assessment

A
  • making products uses loads of steps and hard to quantify all of them
  • difficult to asses the harm of each steps
  • so complex and therefore be manipulated to deliberately support a particular company
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25
Q

define corrosion and give an example

A

the process at which metals slowly are broken down by reacting with substances in their environment

rusting = iron + oxygen —hydrated iron oxide (rust)

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26
Q

what are the conditions required for rusting to take place

A
  • ## need iron, oxygen and water
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27
Q

what happens if iron is left long enough in the correct conditions

A

as it rusts on the top, the pieces brake off revealing new metal underneath, this then rusts and breaks down eventually breaking down the entire chunk of iron

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28
Q

what are the two methods of preventing metals from rusting

A

barrier methods and sacrifical methods

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29
Q

how do barrier methods of preventing rusting work and what are the barrier methods

A

preventing oxygen and water from coming into contact with the metal
- paint it
- oil it
- electroplating - use electrolysis in a thin metal

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30
Q

how do sacrificial methods of preventing rusting work

A

adding a more reactive metal to the iron so if it is exposed the more reactive metal will be oxidised

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31
Q

what are the names of the two alternative methods of extracting metals

A

phytomining and bioleaching

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32
Q

why do we use alternative methods of extracting metals

A

metal ores are becoming scares and as the demand for metals increases we need to find alternative ways to extract metals from low grade ores which is harder as there is less metal inside them

33
Q

explain the process of phytomining to abstract metals

A

plants are grown on land containing the metal we want
the plants absorb the metal compound where they concentrate in the tissue
plants are harvested and burned, the ash has a relatively high concentration of the metal

34
Q

explain the process of bioleaching to abstract metals

A

uses bacteria and mixes them with a low grade ore, the bacteria carry out chemical reactions and produce a solution called a leachate which contains the metal compound we want

35
Q

after extracting a metal using an alternate method what must be done to extract the metal from the compound

A

in copper compounds we displace the copper using iron as iron is more reactive than copper

also use electrolysis

36
Q

what are some positives about the alternative methods of extracting metals

A

allow us to economically extract metals from low grade ores which is important as metals are limited
methods don’t involve digging, transporting and disposing of large amounts of rock

37
Q

why do we need to reduce the amount of recourses we use

A

only have limited recourses and we need to save them. things such as fossil fuels and energy
also reduce the amount of waste that we produce

38
Q

how can we reduce the use of recourses

A

recycling plastic bottles and glass bottles, can recycle metals by crushing them down into different products (some need to be separated)

39
Q

what is an alloy

A

an alloy contains a metal blended with other metals. melt a metal and mix with another element and wait for it to cool

40
Q

what are the properties of alloys

A

harder than usual metals (disrupts layers and stops from sliding)

41
Q

what does the alloy steel contain

A

non metal carbon

chromium and nickel for stainless steel

42
Q

what are some uses of the alloy steel

A
  • cutting tools
  • car bodies
  • airplane bodies
43
Q

what are the two types of ceramics

A

glass and clay

44
Q

what is soda lime glass ideal for

A

windows and bottles

45
Q

how is soda lime glass made

A

mix sand, sodium carbonate and limestone and heat in a furnace

46
Q

what is a limitation of soda lime glass

A

has a low melting point and therefore limiting it’s uses

47
Q

what is borosilicate glass used for

A

kitchenware and labware as it has a higher melting point

48
Q

what are some uses of clay ceramics

A

bricks and vases

49
Q

what are composites

A

a composite material contains two or more materials with different properties

50
Q

what are composites mainly used for and why

A

cars and planes as they are very light and strong

51
Q

give an example of a composite

A

reinforced concrete - steel bars surrounded by concrete

52
Q

what are thermosoftening polymers

A

melt when heated and therefore can be reshaped and re cooled

53
Q

what is the structure of thermosoftening polymers

A

held by intermolecular forces which break allowing it to melt

54
Q

what is the structure of thermosetting polymers

A

connected by strong crosslinks which aren’t broken by heat

54
Q

what are thermosetting polymers

A

dont melt when heated

55
Q

how are polymers formed

A

by joining together a large number of monomers

56
Q

what conditions can we change in order to change the properties of a polymer

A

temperature, pressure, use a catalyst

57
Q

what is the harber process

A

an industrial process used to form ammonia from hydrogen and nitrogen

58
Q

what is ammonia

A

useful chemical usually used in farming

59
Q

what is the chemical formular to make ammonia

A

N^2 + 3H2 ———> 2NH3
<——–
iron catalyst

60
Q

what raw materials are needed for the harbour process and where can these be extracted from

A

nitrogen - extracted from air
hydrogen - reacting methane with steam

61
Q

how is ammonia made from nitrogen and hydrogen

A

purified hydrogen and nitrogen passed over iron catalyst at around 450 degrees and 200 atmospheres pressure causing some hydrogen and nitrogen to react

62
Q

why is the process of making ammonia a reversible reaction

A

some ammonia breaks back down into hydrogen and nitrogen

63
Q

how can we increase the yield of ammonia

A

cool the ammonia to turn it into a liquid which is removed and can be recycled back in with the catalyst

64
Q

what is Le Chanteliers principle

A

if a system is at equalibrium and a change is made to any of the conditions then the system responds to counteract that change

65
Q

how can we produce more ammonia using a shift in equilibrium

A

cool temperature shifts equilibrium to the right hand side producing more ammonia
high pressure shifts equilibrium to right hand side

66
Q

what are fertilisers

A

critical for modern farming as they replace elements that have been taken up by plants

67
Q

what are NPK fertilisers

A

formulations of different salts that are needed by plants

68
Q

what do NPK fertilisers contain

A

compounds of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium

69
Q

where and how are NPK fertilisers produced

A

large industrial facilities
- a variety of different raw materials are mixed together

70
Q

how do we make the main component of nitrogen (ammonium nitrate)

A

use ammonia created by the harbour process
use this ammonia to produce nitric acid which is then reacted with more ammonia to make ammonium nitrate

71
Q

where do we get the potassium from which is used in NPK fertilises

A

mined from the ground

72
Q

where do we get phosphate rock

A

extracted from the ground but it has to be chemically processed before being put into NPK fertilisers

73
Q

what is produced when phosphate rock is treated with nitric acid

A

phosphoric acid and calcium nitrate

74
Q

phosphoric acid cannot be added directly to plants, what do we do first

A

neutralise with ammonia

75
Q

what happens when we treat phosphoric rock with sulphuric acid and what is it called

A

make a mixture of calcium phosphate and calcium sulphate, this is called single superphosphate which can be added to NPK fertilisers

76
Q

what happens when we treat phosphoric rock with phosphoric acid

A

makes tripe superphosphate which can be found in NPK fertilisers

77
Q

compare the production of fertilisers in industry and in a lab (use ammonium nitrate)

A

school lab - use dilute ammonia and nitric acid to make sure it is safter ( not as exothermic)
school lab -produce crystals using a Bunsen burner which requires a lot of energy but in industry heat is already provided
school - only create small amount at a time

chemistry two (5 decks)

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