Using Words Well Flashcards
(15 cards)
What does the “ladder of abstraction” explain?
How language moves from specific, concrete terms to increasingly general and abstract ones, reducing precision and increasing ambiguity.
Why is concrete language preferred in clear communication?
Because it retains more direct reference to reality, making it easier for listeners to visualize and understand the intended meaning.
What are the four essential components of a complete message?
Observation, thought, feeling, and need. Including all ensures clarity, reduces misunderstanding, and fosters better relational outcomes.
What is a partial message?
A message missing one or more components—observation, thought, feeling, or need—which often leads to confusion or conflict.
What is a contaminated message?
A statement in which expressions are mixed or misrepresented—such as thoughts disguised as observations—making the message misleading or emotionally charged.
What is affective language?
Language that expresses emotion and is designed to evoke similar emotions in others, often strengthening interpersonal connection or audience engagement.
What role does figurative language serve?
It enriches communication by allowing deeper or multi-layered meaning through devices like metaphor, simile, and personification.
How does metaphor enhance understanding?
It links seemingly unrelated concepts, prompting listeners to grasp new ideas through familiar comparisons, engaging imagination and intellect.
What is evocative language?
Language that stimulates vivid mental images or emotions, engaging multiple senses to deepen audience impact.
What are euphemisms and their risk?
Indirect or softened expressions for sensitive topics; while socially useful, they may obscure truth when directness is needed.
What is civility in communication?
The practice of respecting social norms in speech—avoiding insults, swearing, and gossip—to preserve social harmony and mutual respect.
What is polarizing language?
Language that reduces complex realities to binary opposites, exaggerating differences and hindering mutual understanding.
What distinguishes a fact from an inference or judgment?
A fact is based on direct observation; an inference is a reasoned conclusion; a judgment is a subjective evaluation often expressing approval or disapproval.
What is inference-observation confusion?
Treating an assumption or interpretation as if it were an observed fact, leading to miscommunication and error.
What is the ethical responsibility of speakers?
To speak clearly, own their thoughts and feelings, avoid distortion, and be accountable for both immediate and long-term effects of their words.
