USMLE Buzzwords - WLB Flashcards
(125 cards)
1
Q
What is the most common cause of neural tube defects?
A
Folate deficiency
2
Q
What is the most common preventable cause of congenital malformations in the U.S.?
A
Alcohol use
3
Q
Hyeprflexible joints, arachnodactyly, aortic dissection, lens dislocation
A
Marfan Syndrome (defect in fibrilin)
4
Q
Hereditary nephritis, cataracts, sensorineural hearing loss
A
Alport Syndrome (defect in Type IV collagen)
5
Q
What is the most common site of a berry aneurysm?
A
Anterior Communicating Artery
6
Q
What diseases are often associated with berry aneurysms?
A
Autosomal Dominant PKD
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
7
Q
Which type of intracranial hemorrhage is associated with: “Worst headache of my life” ?
A
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
8
Q
Which type of intracranial hemorrhage is associated with: Lucid interval following head trauma ?
A
Epidural hemorrhage
9
Q
Which type of intracranial hemorrhage is associated with: Blood CSF on LP ?
A
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
10
Q
What is the most common cause of a subdural hematoma?
A
Rupture of bridging veins
11
Q
What is the most common cause of a epidural hematoma?
A
Rupture of middle meningeal artery
12
Q
What is the most common cause of dementia?
A
Alzheimer Disease
13
Q
What is the second most common cause of dementia?
A
Vascular Dementia
14
Q
What disease has extracellular amyloid deposits in the gray matter?
A
Alzheimer Disease
15
Q
What disease has intracellular deposits of hyperphosphorylated tau protein?
A
Alzheimer Disease
intracellular hyperphosphorylated tau proteins = neurofibrillary plaques/tangles
16
Q
What disease has intracellular spherical aggregates of tau protein seen on silver stain?
A
Frontotemporal Dementia (Pick Disease)
17
Q
What do you call amyloid deposits in the gray matter of the brain?
A
Senile plaques (Alzheimer Disease)
18
Q
Drooling farmer
A
organophosphate poisoning
19
Q
What is the medical treatment for a pheochromocytoma?
A
Alpha-antagonists (Phenoxybenzamine)
20
Q
What is the selective Alpha-1 antagonist used to treat BPH?
A
Tamsulosin
Alpha-1AD receptor antagonist
21
Q
What congenital heart defect causes a continuous, machinery-like heart murmur?
A
Patent Ductus Arteriosis (PDA)
22
Q
What congenital heart defect demonstrates a “boot-shaped heart” on chest x-ray?
A
Tetralogy of Fallot (in children)
VSD, Pulmonary stenosis, Right ventricular hypertrophy, overriding aorta
23
Q
What congenital heart defect causes rib notching that may be seen on chest x-ray?
A
Coarctaton of Aorta
24
Q
What is the most common congenital cardiac anomaly?
A
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
25
What is the most common congenital cause of early cyanosis?
Tetralogy of Fallot
| VSD, Pulmonary stenosis, Right ventricular hypertrophy, overriding aorta
26
What type of heart murmur is often associated with bounding pulses, head bobbing, and diastolic murmur?
Aortic Regurgitation
27
What type of heart murmur is often described as a continuous, machine-like murmur?
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
28
What bone disease is characterized by bone enlargement, bone pain, and arthritis?
Paget disease of bone
29
Wha bone disease is characterized by vertebral compression fractures?
Osteoporosis
30
What joint disease is characterized by swollen, hard, painful finger joints?
Osteoarthritis
31
What joint disease is characterized by swollen, boggy, painful finger joints?
Rheumatoid Arthritis
32
What joint disease is characterized by cartilage erosion with polished bone beneath (eburnation of bone)?
Osteoarthritis
33
What joint disease is characterized by swollen, red, acutely painful great toe joint/MTP ("podagra")?
Gout
34
What joint disease is characterized by positively birefringent rhomboid-shaped crystals?
Pseudogout
35
What joint disease is characterized by negatively birefringent needle-shaped crystals?
Gout
36
What joint disease is characterized by "bamboo spine" on x-ray?
Ankylosing spondylitis
37
What diseases are charactized by HLA-B27?
Seronegative spongyloarthropathies: "PAIR"
1) Psoriasis (psoriatic arthritis)
2) Ankylosing spondylitis
3) IBD
4) Reactive Arthritis
38
What joint disease is characterized by "Pencil-in-cup" deformity on x-ray of the finger?
Psoriatic arthritis
39
What rheumatologic disorder is characterized by anti-Smith and anti-dsDNA antibodies?
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
40
What rheumatologic disorder is characterized by anti-histone antibodies?
Drug-induced Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
41
What rheumatologic disorder is characterized by anti-centromere antibodies?
CREST Syndrome = Calcinosis + Raynaud Phenomenon + Esophageal dysfunction + Sclerodactyly + Telangiectasias
42
What rheumatologic disorder is characterized by anti-topoisomerase antibodies?
Diffuse Scleroderma
43
What rheumatologic disorder is characterized by anti-Jo-1 antibodies?
Polymyositis
44
What rheumatologic disorder is characterized by anti-Ro antibodies?
Sjogren Syndrome
45
What rheumatologic disorder is characterized by arthritis, dry mouth, and dry eyes?
Sjogren Syndrome
46
What skin disorder is characterized by keratin pearls on skin biopsy?
Squamous cell carcinoma
47
What is the most common malignant skin tumor?
Basal cell carcinoma
48
What is the main artery of the pelvis?
Internal Iliac Artery
49
What is the main nerve of the pelvis?
Pudendal Nerve
50
What gonadal drainage disorder is characterized by a "bag of worms" scrotum?
Varicocele
51
What is the most common cancer in men?
Prostate Cancer
52
What is the most common cause of urinary obstruction in men?
BPH
53
What is the most common treatment of erectile dysfunction?
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors
54
Use of what reproductive drug is associated with hepatic adenomas?
Oral contraceptive pills
55
What reproductive disease is characterized by "grape-like" vaginal tumors?
Sarcoma botryoides (Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma variant)
56
What reproductive disease is associated with koilocytes?
HPV infection
57
What is the most common benign tumor in women?
Leiomyoma
58
What reproductive disease is characterized by a "chocolate cyst" of the ovary?
Endometriosis (of ovary = endometrioma)
59
What reproductive disease is characterized by a "powder burn" lesion?
Endometriosis
60
What is the most common cause of infertility in women?
PCOS
61
What do you call midcycle pain associated with ovulation?
Mittelschmerz
62
What syndrome is characterized by ovarian tumor + ascites + hydrothorax?
Meigs Syndrome
63
What type of teratoma causes hyperthyroidism?
Struma Ovarii
64
What reproductive disorder is characterized by "snowstorm" appearance on ultrasound?
Hydatidiform mole
65
What is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability?
Trisomy 21 = Down Syndrome
66
What is the second most common genetic cause of intellectual disability?
Fragile X Syndrome
67
What chromosomal disorder is characterized by horshoe kidneys, congenital heart defects, streak ovaries, and cystic hygroma?
Turner Syndrome (XO)
68
What chromosomal disorder is characterized by rocker-bottom feet, clenched hands, microcephaly with prominent occiput and small jaw?
Trisomy 18 = Edward Syndrome
69
What is the most common cancer in women in the U.S.?
Breast cancer
70
What is the most common benign breast tumor?
Fibroadenoma?
71
What is the most common malignant breast tumor?
Infiltrating ductal carcinoma
72
What breast disease is characterized by a blue dome cyst in the breast?
Fibrocystic change
73
What is the treatment for ER+ breast cancer?
Tamoxifen
74
What breast disease is characterized by a red, itchy, swollen rash on the areola and nipple?
Paget disease of the breast
75
What bacteria is characterized by branching, filamentous, gram-positive rods with sulfur granules?
Actinomyces israelii
76
What is the standard treatment for Treponema pallidum?
Penicillin
| Penicillin G = IV, or if allergy give Doxycycline
77
What zoonotic bacterial infection results in cellulitis from a dog or cat bite?
Pasteurella multocida
78
What do you call a non-painful, indurated, ulcerated genital lesion? What is the name of the disease?
Chancre => Primary Syphillis
79
What do you call a moist, smooth, flat, white genital lesion? What is the name of the disease?
Condylomata lata => Secondary Syphillis
80
What disease is characterized by a large bull's-eye rash?
Lyme Disease
| bull's eye rash => erythema migrans
81
What bacterial infection is associated with a Ghon focus or Ghon complex (Ghron focus + hilar lymphadenopathy)?
Primary Tuberculosis
| Ghon focus = lung lesion
82
What bacterial infection is associated with lung infiltrate in the apical-posterior segments of upper lobes?
Reactive Tuberculosis
83
What is the standard initial treatment regimen for TB?
RIPE:
Rifampin
Isoniazid (+Pyridoxine/B6)
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol
84
What immunological disease is characterized by eczema + recurrent cold abscesses + high serum IgE?
Hyper IgE Syndrome (Job Syndrome)
85
What immunological disease is characterized by large phagosomal vesicles in neutrophils?
Chediak-Higashi Syndrome
86
What is the treatment for absence seizures?
Ethosuximide
87
What neurological disorder is characterized by conjugate lateral gaze palsy, with nystagmus and diplopia during lateral gaze?
Internuclear ophthalmoplegia (MLF Syndrome)
| Seen in Multiple Sclerosis
88
What neurological disorder is characterized by degeneration of the dorsal columns?
Tabes dorsalis
| Seen in Tertiary Syphilis
89
What neurological disorder is characterized as a demyelinating disease in a young woman?
Multiple Sclerosis
90
What neurological disorder is characterized by mixed upper and lower motor neuron disease?
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
91
What neurological disorder is characterized by the depigmentation of the substantia nigra?
Parkinson disease
92
What neurological disorder is characterized by chorea, dementia, and atrophy of the caudate and putamen?
Huntington disease
93
What neurological finding is characterized by eosinophilic inclusions in the cytoplasm of neurons? What disease?
Lewy bodies => Parkinson Disease, Lewy Body Dementia
94
What brachial plexus lesion is characterized by a newborn with arm paralysis following a difficult labor?
Erb-Duchenne Palsy (C5-C6 roots)
95
What gastrointestinal condition is characterized by dysphagia (esophageal webs) + glossitis + iron deficiency anemia?
Plummer-Vinson Syndrome
96
What gastroinestinal condition is characterized by hematemesis with retching?
Mallory-Weiss Syndrome/Tear
97
What do you called a mucin-filled cell with a peripheral nucleus? What pathology does it indicate?
Signet Ring Cell
Could be Gastric cancer or Lobular Carcinoma In Situ (LCIS)
98
What is the most common type of stomach cancer?
Adenocarcinoma
99
What do you call an ovarian metastasis from gastric cancer?
Krukenberg Tumor
100
What gastrointestinal condition is characterized by gastric ulcerations and high gastrin levels?
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
101
What gastrointestinal condition is characterized by an acute gastric ulcer associated with elevated ICP or head trauma?
Cushing ulcer
102
What gastrointestinal condition is characterized by an acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns?
Curling ulcer
103
What gastrointestinal disease is characterized by weight loss, diarrhea, arthritis, fever, adenopathy, and hyperpigmentation?
Whipple Disease
104
What disease is associated with anti-tranglutaminase and anti-gliadin antibodies?
Celiac Disease
105
What vitamin is given to pregnant women to prevent neural tube defects?
Folic acid
106
What is the most common surgical emergency?
Appendicitis
107
What physical exam finding is characterized by severe RLQ pain with rebound tenderness?
McBurney's Point sign/tenderness
108
What disorder is characterized by GI hamartomas and hyperpigmentation of the mouth and hands?
Peutz-Jegher Syndrome
109
What disorder is characterized by multiple colonic polyps, osteomas, and soft tissue tumors?
Gardner Syndrome
110
What should you suspect if "apple core" lesions are found on barium enema studies?
Colon cancer (until proven otherwise)
111
What is the most common site of colonic diverticula?
Sigmoid colon
112
What condition is associated with a "string sign" on contrast x-ray?
Crohn's Disease
113
What condition is associated with a "lead pipe" appearance of the colon on contrast x-ray?
Ulcerative Colitis
114
What condition is characterized by painless jaundice?
Pancreatic cancer
115
What is the most common cause of Acute Pancreatitis?
Alcohol/Gallstones
116
What is the most common cause of chronic pancreatitis?
Alcohol abuse
117
What condition presents as severe hyperbilirubinemia in a neonate?
Crigler-Najjar Syndrome (Type I)
118
What condition is characterized by mild, benign hyperbilirubinemia?
Gilbert Syndrome
119
What disease is characterized by triglyceride accumulation in hepatocytes?
Fatty liver disease
| can be Hepatic steatosis from heavy alcohol use or Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease from metabolic syndrome
120
What pathologic finding is characterized by eosinophilic inclusions in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes?
Mallory bodies (common in alcoholic hepatitis)
121
What type of cancer is closely linked to cirrhosis?
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
122
What condition is characterized by hepatomegaly, abdominal pain, and ascites?
Budd-Chiari Syndrome
123
What disease is characterized by green/yellow corneal deposits?
Kayser-Fleischer rings => Wilson Disease
124
What disease is characterized by low ceruloplasmin?
Wilson Disease
125
What condition is characterized by cirrhosis, diabetes, and hyperpigmentation?
Hemochromatosis ("Bronze Diabetes")
