USMLE - Pathology Buzzwords Flashcards
(237 cards)
1
Q
Mobitz I
A
Usually due to inferior MI. Rarely goes into 3rd degree block.
Txt w/ Atropine or Isoproterenol.
2
Q
Mobitz II
A
BBB association. Often goes to 3rd degree AV block. Usually due to anterior MI.
3
Q
P wave
A
Atrial depol.
4
Q
a wave
A
LA contraction
5
Q
T wave
A
Vetricular repol.
6
Q
Wavy fibers
A
Eosinophilic bands of necrotic myocytes. Early sign of MI.
7
Q
Janeway’s lesions
A
Acute bacterial endocarditis.
Nontender, erythematous lesions of palms & soles.
8
Q
Osler’s nodes
A
Subacute bacterial endocarditis.
Tender lesions of fingers & toes.
9
Q
Thiamine defcy
A
Wet Beri Beri heart. Dilated (congested) cardiomyopathy due to chronic alcohol consumption
Dyr Beri Beri = peripheral neuropathy
Wernicke-Korsakoff = ataxia; confusion; confabulation; memory loss
10
Q
Fibrinous Pericarditis
A
Associated w/ MI: Dressler’s
11
Q
Serous Pericarditis
A
Associated w/ nonbacterial; viral (Coxsackie) infection; immunologic reaction.
12
Q
Friction Rub
A
Pericarditis association
13
Q
Hemorrhagic Pericarditis
A
Associated w/ TB or neoplasm
14
Q
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
A
Aka infiltrative cardiomyopathy that stiffens the heart
Due to amyloidosis in the elderly
Due to , also see schaumann & asteroid bodies in young (<25 yoa).
15
Q
PML’s infectious agent
A
JC Virus (Papovavirus = dsDNA, naked icosahedral capsid)
16
Q
Edema
A
Pc (more seeps out)
Decreased πc (less reabsorbed)
Increased permeability
Block lymphatic drainage
17
Q
Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease
A
Commonly see liver cysts & Berry aneurysms along w/ kidney cysts. Hematuria & HTN also present.
3 cysts in ea. Kidney w/ + family history confirms diagnosis
18
Q
Malignant HTN & Kidneys
A
Petehial hemorrhages are seen on kidney surfaces = Flea-Bitten surface = young black men
19
Q
Nephritic signs
A
Hematuria; RBC casts; HTN
20
Q
Nephrotic signs
A
Proteinuria; Hypoalbuminemia; Edema
21
Q
Podocyte Effacement seen w/
A
Minimal Change (Lipoid nephrosis) disease
22
Q
ASO seen in
A
Acute post-streptococcal GN (due to bHGASrtep)
Anti streptolysin O
23
Q
Crescentic GN
A
Rapidly progressive GN – nephritic syndrome
Associated w/ multi system disease or post-strep/post infectious glomerular nephritis
24
Q
Hereditary Nephritis
A
Alport’s syndrome. X linked
Renal disease w/ deafness & ocualr abnormalities
25
Membranoproliferative GN
Can be secondary to complement deficiency; chronic infections; CLL
See tram tracking
26
TypeI Membrano Proliferative GN deposits
C3 & IgG deposits
27
TypeII Membrano Proliferative GN deposits
Only C3 deposits
28
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis deposits
IgM & C3 deposits
29
Cold agglutinins
Seen in atypical pneumonia
| It is IgM Ab with specificity for I Ag on adult RBCs
30
Scrofula
TB in the lymph nodes
31
Aspirin-Asthma Triad
Nasal polyps – Rhinitis – bronchoconstriction
32
Ferruginous bodies
Hemosiderin (pigment w/ Fe3-) covered macrophages that have been pahgocytised
33
Pancoast’s tumor causes
Ulnar nerve pain & Horner’s syndrome
34
Fatty degeneration
Made up primarily of triglycerides
Most commonly due to alcoholism which commonly leads to hepatic cirrhosis
Associated w/ CCl4-
35
Cloudy swelling
Failure of cellular Na pump
| Seen in Fatty degeneration of the liver and in Hydropic (Vacuolar) degeneration of the liver
36
Hydropic degeneration
Severe form of cloudy swelling
37
Liquefaction necrosis
Rapid enzymatic break down of lipids
Seen commonly in Brain & Spinal cord (CNS) injuries
Seen in suppurative infections = pus formation
38
Coagulation necrosis
Result of sudden ischemia
| Seen in organs w/ end arteries limited collateral circulation) = heart, lung, kidney, spleen
39
Caseation necrosis
Combination of both coagulation & liquefaction necrosis
| Seen w/ M. tuberculosis & Histoplasma capsulatum infection
40
Fibrinoid necrosis
Seen in the walls of small arteries
| Associated w/ malignant hypertension, polyarteritis nodosa, immune mediated vasculitis
41
Fat necrosis
Result of lipase actions liberated from pancreatic enzymes
| Seen w/ Acute pancreatitis = saponification results
42
Hemoptysis
Blood in sputum
43
Pulmonary embolism
Most commonly thrombus from lower extremity vein
44
Phlebothrombosis
From a vein of lower extremities, of a pregnant uterus, in Congestive heart failure, bed ridden pt,
As a complicaiton in a pt w/ Pancreatic CA due to d blood coagulability
45
Saddle embolus
Embolus lodged in bifurcation of pulmonary trunks
| Significantly increased RV strain = RV & RA dilate = Acute cor Pulmonale
46
Paradoxical embolism
Right to Left shunt allows a venous embolism to enter arterial circulation
Patent ovale foramen or Atrial septal defect
47
Tuberculoid granuloma
Collection of macrophages w/o caseation
| Seen w/ Sarcoidosis (non-caseating); Syphilis; Brucellosis and Leprotic infections
48
Cellulitis
Spreading infection due to streptococcus
49
PSA
Prostate Specific Antigen = elevated in prostatic CA
50
5-HT
In cases of metastatic carcinoid, txt w/ Methysergide (5HT antagonist)
51
aFeto Protein
Hepatocarcinoma
| Neural tube defects
52
CEA
Carcinoembryonic Antigen = elevated in Colon CA
53
Chromosome 13
Retinoblastoma
54
Chromosome 11p
Wilms tumor of the kidney
55
Vinyl Chloride
Associated w/ Angiosarcoma of the liver
56
Agent Orange
Contains digoxin
| Implicated as a cause of Hodgkin;s disease, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma & soft tissue sarcomas
57
Parasites & CA
Schistosoma haematobium = Urinary bladder CA
S. mansoni = Colon CA
Aspergillus flavus = potent hepatocarcinogen
58
Ochronosis
Alkaptonuria
Error in tyrosine metabolism due to Homogentisic acid (oxidizes tyrosine)
Involving intervertebral disks = Ankylosing Spondilitis = Poker spine
See dark urine; dark coloration of sclera, tendons, cartilage
59
Lead poisoning
```
Acid fast inclusion bodies
Increased urinary coproprophyrin
Anemia: microcytic/ hypochromic
Stippling of the basophils
Gingival line & lead line in bones: x-ray
Mental retardation
```
60
Heroin OD, clinically
Massive pulmonary edema w/ frothy fluid from the nostrils
61
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Small head, small eyes, funnel chest, ASD, mental deficiency, and hirsutism
62
Atypical mycobacterium
M. kanasasii & M. avium intracellulare
63
Cold abscesses
Liquefied TB lesions similar to pyogenic abscesses but lacking acute inflammation
64
Actinomyces isrealli
```
Farmers infection
Lumpy jaw (from chewing grain) & PID (IUD), but most common is due to saprophyticus
```
65
Congenital Syphilis
Saddle nose, Saber shin, Hutchinson’s teeth, nerve deafness, interstitial keratitis
66
Warthin-Finkeledy cells
Reticuloendothelial giant cells on tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen
Seen with Rubeola (measles) due to paramyxovirus
67
Diphyllobothrium latum
Tapeworm infection causing megaloblastic anemia by consuming large amount of vit B12 in the host
68
Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis
a Hemolytic Streptococci (S. viridans) = usually in pt w/ pre-existing heart problem
69
Acute Bacterial Endocarditis
Staph aureus, b Hemolytic Streptococci, E. coli
| Common among drug addicts & diabetics
70
Mitral Insufficiency
Ruptured papillary muscle
71
Left Anterior Descending branch
Branch of the Left Coronary artery
Highest frequency of thrombotic occlusion
MI = anterior wall of the LV, especially in apical part of interventricular septum
72
Left Circumflex branch
Branch of the Left Coronary artery
| Occlusion = MI of posterior/lateral wall of the LV
73
Dissecting Aneurysm
False aneurysm: it is splitting of the media of the aorta
Usually accompanied w/ long history of severe hypertension, also seen w/ familial hyperlipidemia, atherosclerotic disease, Marfan’s Collagen disease
Zones of medial necrosis +/- slitlike cysts = Medial Cystic Necrosis of Erdheim
74
Cor Pulmonale
Right ventricular strain, associated w/ right ventricular hypertrophy
75
Acute Cor Pulmonale
Sudden right ventricular strain due to a massive pulmonary embolism
76
Bronchopneumonia
Lobular (rather than lobar)
Due to Staph aureus; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Klebsiella; E. coli
Abscess formation is common
77
Lobar pneumonia
Due to Strep. Pneumoniae infection (5% due to Klebsiella)
Red Hepatization: days 1-3 of the pneumonia
Gray Hepatization: days 3-8 of untreated pneumonia
Complicaitons: pleural effusion; atelectasia; fibrinous pleuritis; empyema; fibrinous pericarditis; otitis media
78
Bronchiectasis
Permanent dilatation of the bronchi – predisposed by chronic sinusitis and post nasal drip
Supparation associated
Lower lobe > than upper lobe involvement
79
Cold Agglutinins
Found w/ Mycoplasma pneumoniae
80
Panlobular Emphysema
a1 – antitrypsin deficiency, causing elastase = compliance in the lung
81
Bulla
Associated w/ Emphysema = “Bleb” = outpouching - If it ruptures causes Pneumothorax
82
Farmer’s Lung
Due to Micropolyspora faeni (thermophilic actinomycetes)
83
Bagassosis
Due to M. vulgaris (actinomycetes)
| Inhalation of sugar cane dust
84
Silo-Filler’s Lung
Due to Nitrogen dioxide from nitrates in corn
85
G6PDH Deficiency
Sex-linked chronic hemolytic anemia w/o challenge or after eating fava beans
Heinz Bodies appear in RBCs
86
HbF
Sickle Cell Anemia
87
Multiple Myeloma
Lytic lesions of flat bones (“salt & pepper lesions”) = vertebrae, ribs, skull; Hypercalcemia; Bence-Jones protein casts
88
Hodgkin’s Disease
Malignant neoplasm of the lymph nodes causing pruritis; fever = looks like an acute infection
Reed Sternberg cells
89
Polyarteritis Nodosa
Immune complex disease of Ag-Ab complexes on blood vessel wall
Half of the immune complexes have Hepatitis B Ag
Can see fever; abd.pain; ¯ wt; HTN; muscle aches
90
Sprue
Celiac disease due to a gluten-induced enteropathy = small intestine villi are blunted
High titers of anti-gliadin Abs & IgA levels
91
Regional Enteritis
Crohn’s Disease
| Association w/ Arthritis; Uveitis; Erythema Nodosum
92
Whipple’s Disease
Intestinal Lipodystrophy = malabsorption syndrome
93
Kulchitsky cells
Neural cest cells from which carcinoids arise = of the Bronchi; GIT; Pancreas
94
Ulcerative Colitis
Inflammatory disease of the colon w/ colon CA incidence
Crypt abscess in the crypts of Lieberkuhn
Pseudopolyps when ulcers are deep
Not transmural involvement
95
Vaginal Adenosis
Women exposed to DES (Diethylstilbesterol) in utero before the 18th week of pregnancy
Some develop clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina & cervix
96
Scirrhous Carcinoma
Infiltrating Duct Carcinoma w/ fibrosis – most common type of breast carcinoma
97
Hofbauer Cells
Lipid laden macrophages seen in villi of Erythroblastosis Fetalis
98
Retinopathy of Prematurity
Retrolental Fibroplasia = cause of bindness in premies due to high O2 concentrations
99
IgA deficiency
Pt has recurrent infections & diarrhea w/ respiratory tract allergy & autoimmune diseases
If given blood w/ IgA = develop severe, fatal anaphylaxis reaction
100
Priamry Sjorgen’s
Dry eyes & dry mouth, arthritis. risk for B cell lymphoma. HLA-DR3 frequent. Autoimmune disease.
101
Secondary Sjorgen’s
Rheumatoid arthritis, SLE, or systemic sclerosis association
RA association shows HLA-DR4
102
LDH1 & LDH2
Myocardium. LDH1 higher than LDH2 = Myocardial Infarction
103
LDH3
Lung tissue
104
LDH4 & LDH5
Liver cells
105
Keratomalacia
Severe Vit A deficiency. See Bitot’s spots in the eyes = gray plaques = thickened, keratinized ET
106
Metabisfite Test
Suspending RBCs in a low O2 content solution
| Can detect Hemoglobin S, which sickles in low O2
107
Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia
Can be due to Hemolyitc Uremic Syndrome & Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP)
See Helmet cells
108
Wright’s stain
Stain for Burkitt’s lymphoma
109
Mononucleosis
Due to EBV infeciton
| If Mono is treated w/ Ampicillin, thinking that it is a strep pharyngitis, a rash will occur.
110
T(8;14)
Burkitt’s lymphoma = c-myc oncogene overexpression
111
T(9;22)
CML = c-abl/bcr gene formation = Philadelphia translocation
112
Langerhan Cell Histiocytosis
Letter Siwe syndrome; Hand Schuller Christian Disease; Eosinophilic Granuloma
Birbeck granules are present = tennis racket shape
113
Myeloid Metaplasia
Alkaline phosphatase /normal compare to CML = low to absent
Anemia; splenomegaly; platelets > 1 million = extensive extra-medullary hematopoiesis
114
Multiple Myeloma
Weakness; wt. loss; recurrent infection; proteinuria; anemia; proliferation of plasma cells in BM = plasma cell dx
Serum M protein spike – most often of IgG or IgA
Hypercalcemia ( bone destruction)
115
T(14;18)
NH Lymphoma = bcl2 proto-oncogene overexpression seen w/ Small Cleaved Cell (Follicualr) Lymphoma
116
Focal Segmental GN exs
IgA Focal GN = Berger’s disease; SLE; PAN; Schonlein-Henoch purpura (anaphylactoid purpura)
117
Nephrotic Syndrome exs
Focal (Segmental) GN; Membranous GN; Lipoid (Minimal Change) GN; Membranoproliferative GN; Hep B; Syphilis; Penicillamine
118
Schistosoma Haematobium
Infection is assocaited w/ Squamous cell CA of the Bladder (most common Bladder CA is transitional cell type)
Associated w/ portal HTN due to intrahepatic obstruction
119
Penicillin Resistant PID
PID is usually due to N. Gonorrhoeae, but if unresponsive to penicillin think of Bacteroides species
120
Duret Hemorrhages
Severe in ICP w/ downward diplacement of cerebellar tonsils into Foramen Magnum causing a compression on the brainstem w/ hemorrhaging into the pons & midbrain
Nearly always associated w/ death due to damage to the vital centers in these areas
121
Hypertensive Hemorrhage
Predilection for lenticulostriate arteries = putamen & internal capsule hemorrhages
122
Cerebral Embolism from
MI w/ Mural Thrombi; Atrial Fib Thrombi = Marantic thrombi; L-sided Bacterial Endocarditis; Paradoxical Embolism of septal defect
123
Neurosyphilis
Tabes Dorsalis = ¯ joint position sensation, ¯ pain sensation, ataxia, Argyl Robertson pupils
Syphilitic meningitis
Paretic neurosyphilis
124
5p-
Cri di Chat: mental retardation; small head; wide set eyes; low set ears; cat-like cry
125
Trisomy 13
Patau’s: small head & eyes; cleft lip & palate; many fingers
126
Acute Cold Agglutinaiton
Abs to I blood group Ag. Mediated by IgM Abs
| Complication of EBV or Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections
127
Chronic Cold Agglutinaiton
Associated w/lymphoid neoplasms. See agglutination & hemolysis in tissue exposed to cold. IgM Abs
128
RBC Osmotic Fragility
Hereditary Spherocytosis
129
Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas
Small Lymphocytic: low grade B cell lymphoma of the elderly. Related to CLL.
Small Cleaved cell (Follicualr): low grade B cell lymphoma of the elderly. T(14;18) bcl-2 oncogene
Large Cell
Lymphoblastic: high grade T cell lymphoma of kids progressing to T-ALL
Small Non Cleaved = Burkitt’s: high grade B cell lymphoma. EBV infection. Starry sky histo appearance. T(8;14) c-myc proto-oncogene. Related to B-ALL
130
Singer’s Nodules
Benign laryngeal polyps associated w/ smoking & overuse of the voice
131
Paraseptal emphysema
Associated w/ blebs (large subpleural bullae) that can rupture and cause pneumothorax
132
Superior Vena Cava Syndrome
Obstructed due to bronchogenic carcinoma. Causing swollen face & cyanosis.
133
Betel nuts
Associated to oral cancer.
134
Fundal (Type A) Gastritis
Antibodies to parietal cells; pernicious anemia; autoimmune diseases
135
Antral (Type B) Gastritis
Associated w/ Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori infection. 90% of duodenal ulcer
136
Primary Biliary Cirrhosis
Autoimmune origin; middle aged women; anti-mitochondrial Abs
Jaundice; itching; hypercholesterolemia (can see cutaneous xanthomas)
137
Acute Pancreatitis
pancreatic enzymes = fat necrosis; sapponification = hypocalcemia; serum amylase
Severe epigastric ab pain; prostration; radiation to the back
138
Radiating Back Pain
Chronic pancreatitis
139
Complete Hydatidiform Mole
No embryo. Paternal derivation only. 46XX
140
Partial Hydatidiform Mole
Embryo. 2 or more sprems fertilized 1 ovum: triploidy/tetraploidy occurs
141
Cold Nodules
Hypoplastic Goiter nodules that do not take up radio active iodine. [Opposite: hot & do take up iodine]
142
Acidophils
Mammotrophs = Prolactin
| Somatotrophs = GH
143
Basophils
Thyrotrophs = TSH
Gonadotrophs = LH
Corticotrophs = ACTH & FSH
144
Lacunar Strokes
Small/focal aa occlusions. Purely motor or sensory.
Sensory: lesion of thalamus
Motor: lesion of internal capsule
145
CSF of Bacterial Meningitis
¯ Glucose; Protein; Neutrophils; Pressure
146
CSF of Viral Meningitis
Normal Glucose; +/- Protein; Lymphocytes
147
Marble Bone Disease
Osteoporosis: Albers-Schonberd Disease = inspite of d bone density, many fractures = ¯ osteoclasts
148
C5a
Involved in Chemotaxis (for Neutrophils)
149
C3b
Involved in Opsonization (& IgG)
150
Anaphylotoxins
C3a & C5a (mediate Histamine release from Basophils & Mast cells)
151
Vasoactive Mediators
Vasoconstriction: TxA2; LTC4; LTD4; LTE4; PAF
Vasodilation: PGI2; PGD2; PGE2; PGF2a; Bradykinin; PAF
d Vascular Permeability: Hist.; 5HT; PGD2; PGE2; PGF2a; LTC4; LTD4; LTE4; Bradykinin; PAF
152
Platelet Aggregation
ADP; Thrombin; TxA2; collagen; Epinephrine; PAF
153
Platelet Antagonist
Prostacyclin (PGI2)
154
Intrinsic Pathway
F XII (Hagman): APTT
155
Extrinsic Pathway
F VII: PT
156
Lines of Zahn
Aterial thrombi = pale red colored (dark red is venous thrombi)
157
Currant Jelly appearance
Post mortem clots
158
Emigration: Chemotaxis
```
Margination
Pavementing
Adhesion
Chemotaxis
Phagocytosis
Intracellular microbial killing
```
159
Transudate
Specific gravity < 1.012 – low protein
160
Exudate
Specific gravity > 1.020 – high protein
161
Hurler’s
Lysosomal storage disease a L Iduronidase – Heparan/Dermatan Sulfate accumulation
162
Galactosemia
Deficiency of Galactose 1 Phosphate Uridyl Transferase. Galactose 1 Phosphate
163
Phenylketonuria
Deficiency: Phenylalanine Hydroxylase. Phenyalanine & degradation products
Mousy body odor
164
Autosomal Dominant Diseases
```
Adult Poly Cystic Kidney Disease
Familial Hypercholestrolemia Disease
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telengectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu)
Hereditary Spherocytosis
Huntington’s Disease (chromosome 4p)
Marfan’s Syndrome
Neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen’s)
Tuberous Sclerosis
Von Hippel Lindau Disease
```
165
Autosomal Recessive Diseases
```
Tay-Sachs
Gaucher’s
Niemann-Pick
Hurler’s
Von Gierke’s
Pompe’s
Cori’s
McArdle’s
Galactosemia
PKU
Alkaptonuria
```
166
X Linked Recessive Diseases
```
Hunter’s Syndrome (L-Iduronosulfate Sulfatase deficincy, Heparan/Dermatan Sulfate)
Fabry’s Disease (a Galactosidase A deficiency, Ceremide Trihexoside)
Classic Hemophilia A (Factor VIII deficiency, F8 Gene on X chromosome is bad, Ceremide Trihexoside)
Lisch-Nyhan Syndrome (HGPRT deficiency, Uric acid)
G6Phosphatase deficiency (G6PDH deficiency, Ceremide trihexoside)
Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy (Dystrophin deficinecy, Ceremide Trihexoside)
```
167
Hypersensitivity Reactions
```
Type I (Anaphylactic): IgE mediated. Exs: Hay Fever; Allergic asthma; Hives
Type II (Cytotoxic): Warm Ab autoimmune hemolytic anemia; hemolytic transfusion reactions; Erythroblastosis Fetalis; Grave’s Disease; Goodpastures
Type III (Immune Complex): Insoluble complement bound aggregates of Ag-Ab complexes. Exs: Serum sickness; Arthus Reaction; Polyarteritis Nodosa; SLE; Immune Complex Mediated Glomerular Disease
Type IV (Delayed = Cell mediated immunity): Delayed hypersensitivity. Involves memory cells. Exs: Tuberculin reaction; Contact dermatitis; Tumor cell killing; Virally infected cell killing
```
168
Transplant Rejections
Hyperacute Rejection = occurs w/in minutes of transplant. Ab mediated.
Acute Rejection = occurs w/in days to months of transplant. Lymphocytes & macrophages. Only rejection type that can be treated w/ therapy.
Chronic Rejection = occurs months to years of transplant. Ab mediates vascular damage.
169
Blood Metastasis
Sarcoma, exception – renal cell CA: early venous invasion
170
Lymph Metastasis
Carcinoma, exception – renal cell CA: early venous invasion
171
Aflatoxin
Seen w/ Aspergillus. risk for Hepatocellular CA
172
Cleft Lip
Incomplete fusion of maxillary prominence w/ median nasal prominence
173
Cleft Palate
Incomplete fusion of lateral palatine process w/ each other & median nasal prominence & medial palatine prominence
174
Craniopharyngioma
416. Pituitary tumor - usually calcified
175
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
Inolved in Vision relay
176
Medial Geniculate Body
Involved in Hearing relay
177
Lung Development
Glandular: 5-17 fetal weeks
Canalicular 13-25 fetal weeks
Terminal Sac 24 weeks to birth
Alveolar period birth-8yoa
178
Heart’s 1st Beat
21-22 days
179
Foregut
Mouth à Common Bile Duct - supplied by Celiac Artery
180
Midgut
Duodenum, just below Common Bile Duct à Splenic flexure of the Colon supplied by Superior Mesenteric artery
181
Hindgut
Splenic Flexure à Butt crack à supplied by Inferior Mesenteric Artery
182
Hypnagogic Hallucinaitons
Narcolepsy
183
Type I Error
a: “Convicting the innocent” – accepting experimental hypothesis/rejecting null hypothesis
184
Subdural Hematoma
Ruptured cerebral bridging veins
185
Epidural Hematoma
Ruptured middle meningeal artery “intervals of lucidness”, 2ry to Temporal bone fracture
186
Type II Error
b: “Setting the guilty free” – fail to reject the null hypotesis when it was false
187
Power
1 - b
188
Sensitivity
TP/TP + FN
189
Specificity
TN/TN + FP
190
Positive Predictive Value
TP/TP + FP
191
Negative Predictive Value
TN/TN + FN
192
Odds Ratio
ad/bc
193
d-Dimers
DIC
194
Delusion
Disorder of thought content
195
Loose Association
Skip from topic to topic
196
5 Stages of Death
Denial – Anger – Bargaining – Depression – Acceptance
197
1st Branchial Arch
Meckel’s cartillage – gives rise to incus/malleus bones of ear
198
2nd Branchial Arch
Reichert’s cartillage – gives rise to stapes bone of ear
199
Median nerve lesion
No pronation
200
Radial nerve lesion
Wrist drop – seen w/ humerus fracture
201
Common peroneal lesion
Foot drop. No dorsiflexion or eversion of the foot
202
Diract inguinal hernia
Goes through superficial inguinal ring.
Medial to inferior epigastric artery
Seen in older men
203
Indirect inguinal hernia
Goes through deep & superficial inguinal ring
Lateral to inferior epigastric artery
Seen in young boys – processus vaginalis did not close
204
@ Diaphragm T8, T10, T12
T8 = Inferior vena cava
T10 = Esophagus/ Vagus
T12 = Aorta/ Thoracic duct/ Azygous vein
205
Hemiballism
Wild flailing of 1 arm. Lesion of the sub thalamic nucleus
206
O Linked Oligosaccharide
In the Golgi
207
N Linked Oligosaccharide
In the RER
208
MLF Syndrome
Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia: medial rectus palsy on lateral gaze; Nystagmus on abducting eye.
Seen w/ MS
209
ADA Deficiency
SCID
210
Raphe Nucleus
Initiation of sleep via 5HT predominance
211
b waves
Alert; Awake; Active mind – also seen in REM, therefore we say “paradoxical sleep”
212
Irreversible Glycolysis Enzymes
Hexokinase
PhosphoFructo Kinase = Rate Limiting Step
Pyruvate Kinase
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
213
Irreversible Gluconeogenesis Enzymes
```
PyruvateCarboxy Kinase
PEPCarboxyKinase
Fructose 1,6 BiPhosphatase
Glucose 6 Phosphatase
**muscle dose not take part in Gluconeogenesis, only takes place in the liver, kidney & GI epithelium
```
214
Pellagra
```
Diarrhea, Dermatitis, Dementia
Niacin Deficiency (Vit B3 deficiency)
Hartnup’s Disease
Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome
INH use
```
215
TLCFN
Needed as co-factor for Pyruvate DH complex & a Ketoglutarate DH complex
216
LCAT or PCAT
Esterification of cholesterol: lecithin cholesterol acetyltransferase
Lecithin = Phosphatidylcholine, therefore phosphotidylcholine acetyltransferase
217
HMGCoA Reductase
Rate limiting step in cholesterol synthesis
Changes HMGCoA à Mevalonate
(-) by Lovastatin
218
Ketogenic amino acids
Leucine & Lysine
219
Glucogenic amino acids
Methionine, Threonine, Valine, Arginine, Histadine
220
Keto & Gluco amino acids
Phenylalanine, Trytophan, Isoleucine
221
Carnitine Shuttle
Feeds FA into the mitochondria for their consumption
222
Cori Cycle
Keeps muscles working anaerobically.
| Transfers lactate to the liver to make glucose which is sent back into the muscles for energy use
223
(-) Na+ Pump (ATPase)
Ouabain [(-) K+ pump]
Vanadate [(-) phosphorylation]
Digoxin [ heart contractility]
224
TCA Cycle Products
“Citric Acid Is Krebs Starting Substrate For Mitochondrial Oxidation”
Citrate à Aconitate à Isocitrate à a Ketoglutarate à Succinyl à Succinate à Fumarate à Malate àOAA
225
Cones
Color vision. Contain Iodopsin = Red-Blue-Green specific pigment. For acuity.
226
Rods
Contain Rhodopsin pigment. High sensitivity. Concentrated in the fovea. Night vision.
227
Gastrula
Seen @ 3rd week: Ecto, Meso & Endo
228
Epiblast
@ 2nd week: forms the primitive streak, from which Meso & Endo come from. Directly gives rise to Ecto.
229
Sydenham’s Chorea
Post streptococcal infection. Necrotizing arteritis of the caudate, putamen, thalamus
230
(+) Frei Test
Chlamydia trachomatis types L1, L2, L3 = Lymphogranuloma venereum
231
Sabouraud’s Agar
Culture for all Fungi ie…Culture Cryptococcus neofromans which is found in pigeon droppings
232
FMR1 Gene Defect
Fragile X Syndrome: macro-orchidism; long face; large jaw; large everted ears; autism, mental retardation
233
Barr Body
Present in Kleinfelters: Male: XXY
| Not present in Turner’s: Female: XO
234
Aortic Insufficiency Signs
Traube Sign = Pistol shot sound over the femoral vessels
| Corrigan pulse = water hammer pulse over coratid artery = aortic regurgitation
235
Scleroderma :”CREST”
Calcinosis; Raynauds; Esophageal; Sclerodactyl; Telangiectasis
236
Cretinism
Sporadic: bad T4 phosphorylation or developmental failure of thyroid formation
Endemic: no Iodine in diet: protruding belly & belly button
237
Hemochromatosis Triad
Micronodular pigment cirrhosis; Bronze Diabetes; Skin pigmentation = due to Fe3+ deposition
