UTI, chest, soft tissue infections

Question 1

which body sites are considered sterile?

Answer 1

Blood, CSF, vitreous fluid, joint fluid or tissue

Question 2

Body sites with bacterial flora
i.e. commensal flora is
present

Answer 2

anything “outside”
– skin – whether intact or
ulcerated
– secretions from the body
– drain(s)

Question 3

what is the blue swab for the wound swab thing u did in NCID

Answer 3

Anaerobic culture
Aerobic culture
MRSA Screening

Question 4

what is the blue swab NOT SUITABLE for the wound swab thing u did in NCID

Answer 4

bacterial PCR, viral PCR
viral culture

Question 5

what is the UTM ( Universal Transport Media) the one u used for COVID suitable for?

Answer 5

Viral culture
Viral antigen
Viral PCR
Chlamydial PCR

Question 6

what is the UTM ( Universal Transport Media) the one u used for COVID NOT suitable for?

Answer 6

Bacterial PCR
Aerobic culture
Anaerobic culture

Question 7

what is the VRE CRE swab looking thing with blue cap for

Answer 7

Aerobic culture
Anaerobic culture
BActerial PCR
Screening

Question 8

what is the VRE CRE swab looking thing with blue cap NOT suitable for?

Answer 8

Viral PCR
VIral culture

Question 9

types of urine sample ( sterile)

Answer 9

renal aspirate, supra pubic aspirate

Question 10

types of clean but not sterile specimen non invasive

Answer 10

mid stream urine
clean catch urine

Question 11

types of clean but not sterile urine specimen (procedural)

Answer 11

In and Out catheter urine

Question 12

types of urine specimen that is often colonised but non invasive

Answer 12

IDC urine

Question 13

will a respiratory sample with epithelial cells +++ on microscopy be accepted or rejected? why or why not? (pneumonia test)

Answer 13

Rejected as epithelial cells only exist in Upper respiratory tract. it does not represent the bacteria in the air sacs

Question 14

what samples should you send for cystitis?

Answer 14

Mid stream urine culture
Bag urine (children)
Suprapubic urine (children)
Catheter sample ( +ve culture doesnt mean infection, could be colonisation)

Question 15

what samples should you send for pyelonephritis?

Answer 15

Mid stream urine culture
Bag urine (children)
Suprapubic urine (children)
Catheter sample
Blood culture- patient usually febrile or septic

Question 16

what samples to send for CAUTI

Answer 16

Catheter sample
urine may be polymicrobial :positive culture doesnt always mean infection.
dipsticks and UFEME results are unreliable in this case

Question 17

is dip stick and UFEME reliable for CAUTI?

Answer 17

NO

Question 18

which G+ve bacteria is associated with UTI

Answer 18

Enterococcus

Question 19

which is the most common bacteria for UTI?

Answer 19

Escherichia coli

Question 20

which G-ve bacteria is associated with UTI

Answer 20

E.coli
Klebsiella
Proteus
Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Morganella, Serratia
Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 21

which G-ve bacteria is associated with kidney stone?

Answer 21

proteus

Question 22

which fungus is associated with UTI

Answer 22

candida - very rare- shows recent antibiotic exposure

Question 23

what is the management for cystitis and CAUTI?

Answer 23

PO Abx for 3-7 days,
longer course for men
CAUTI requires 5 days

Question 24

what is the management for pyelonephritis and urosepsis?

Answer 24

IV ABX
PO ABX if improving after 48 hours.
course is 7-14 days.

Question 25

what is the management if there is presence of foreign material eg. catheter and ureteric stent?

Answer 25

remove it

Question 26

what is cap?

Answer 26

community acquired pneumonia

Question 27

what is hap?

Answer 27

hospital acquired pneumonia 48 hours after admission

Question 28

what is vap?

Answer 28

ventilator acquired pneumonia 48-72 hours after endotracheal intubation

Question 29

what is aspiration pneumonia

Answer 29

from aspiration of food

Question 30

what is emphysema

Answer 30

infection of the pleural space due to pneumonia

Question 31

what are the expected pathogens for CAP

Answer 31

typical bacteria: streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae atypical: mycoplasma pneumoniae, chlamydia pneumoniae, legionella pneumoniae others: staphylococcus aureus post influenza, klebsiella pneumoniae

Question 32

what are the expected pathogens for HAP and VAP?

Answer 32

streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae pseudomonas aeruginosa G_ve: Acinetobacter MRSA if they are positive

Question 33

what test will be conducted for bacterial pneumoniae?

Answer 33

gram stain and c&s

Question 34

expected pathogens for infections in immunocompromised patients

Answer 34

candida species, aspergillus species( bone marrow), pneumocystitis jirovecii, virus, nocarida species found in soil.

Question 35

what samples should you send for a bacterial and viral pneumonia?

Answer 35

sputum, endotracheal aspirate, broncho alveolar lavage

Question 36

what are the tests that will be conducted for a viral pneumonia

Answer 36

PCR- detection of virus because viral culture is not performed and atypical bacteria in CAP

Question 37

what test should you send if you suspect sepsis or if your patient is febrile ?

Answer 37

blood culture

Question 38

what are the signs of impetigo?

Answer 38

honey coloured crusted lesions around peri oral region. starts as vesicles, ruptures releasing yellow thick wet crust.

Question 39

what are the signs of intertigo?

Answer 39

sticky redness under folds

Question 40

what are the signs of lymphangitis?

Answer 40

lymphatic vessel infection so redness tender track seen along the limb

Question 41

signs of erysipelas

Answer 41

tight red hot tender area

Question 42

signs of gas gangrene

Answer 42

crepitus on palpation

Question 43

which organism is responsible for cellulitis, impetigo, folliculitis, furuncles, carbuncles

Answer 43

Betahemolytic Strep, esp Group A step/ Staph Aureus.

Question 44

which organism is responsible for gas gangrene?

Answer 44

necrotising- clostridium perfingens, grp A strep.

Question 45

which organism is responsible for necrotising fascitis

Answer 45

grp A strep

Question 46

which organisms are reponsible for gastroenteritis

Answer 46

salmonella species salmonella typhi salmonella paratyphi shigella species campylobacter jejuni vibrio cholera clostridium difficile

Question 47

how to get infected by salmonella species, campylobacter jejuni

Answer 47

food campy is for chicken

Question 48

is salmonella typhi present in sg?

Answer 48

it is an imported infection

Question 49

how to get infected with salmonella paratyphi, salmonella typhi

Answer 49

water borne, contact, food water contaminated by stool o rurine.

Question 50

how to get infected with vibrio cholera?

Answer 50

water, it is an imported infection, deadly.

Question 51

how to get C.diff

Answer 51

abx exposure, contact, in contaminated hospital environment

Question 52

complications of c.diff

Answer 52

colitis, toxic megacolon, death

Question 53

which organisms are responsible for viral GE?

Answer 53

rotavirus, norovirus, adenovirus

Question 54

where can you get infected with norovirus?

Answer 54

contaminated food, shellfish, water, human to human via faecal oral

Question 55

what happens if there is norovirus in the ward?

Answer 55

it spreads very easily so ward closure.

Question 56

how does rotavirus and adenovirus spread?

Answer 56

human contact, most common for infant and pediatric diarrhea. rota is 1 adeno is 2nd.

Question 57

what samples should you send for bacterial GE? how long will the result take to come out.

Answer 57

stool for C&S, takes 24-48 hours

Question 58

what sample should you send for c.diff

Answer 58

stool for c.diff. no cns

Question 59

how do u get infected with shigella

Answer 59

person to person contact