UTS CHAPTER 1

Question 1

stated Our bodies belong to the physical realm, they change, their imperfect and they die. Our souls however belong to the ideal realm, they are unchanging and immortal, surviving the death of the body

Answer 1

Socrates

Question 2

Modern conception of the self is the notion that the thinking, reasoning self and the physical body are radically distinct entities that have a complicated and problematic relationship with one another.

Answer 2

Socrates

Question 3

his concept of the soul (the Greek word is psyche) in his later dialogues such as the monumental Republic and the Phaedrus.

Answer 3

Plato

Question 4

our divine essence that enables us to think deeply, make wise choices, and achieve a true understanding of eternal truths.

Answer 4

Reason

Question 5

our basic biological needs such as hunger, thirst, and sexual desire.

Answer 5

Physical Appetite

Question 6

our basic emotions such as love, anger, ambition, aggressiveness, empathy.

Answer 6

Spirit or Passion

Question 7

Widely considered the “founder of modern philosophy.”

Answer 7

Rene Descartes

Question 8

he wanted to penetrate the nature of our reasoning process and understand its relation to the human self. He was convinced that to develop the most informed and well-grounded beliefs about human existence, we need to be clear about the thinking instrument we are employing. For if our thinking instrument is flawed, then it is likely that our conclusions will be flawed as well.

Answer 8

Rene Descartes

Question 9

He explains, “If you would be a real seeker after truth, it is necessary that at least once in your life you doubt, as far as possible, all things.”

Answer 9

Rene Descartes

Question 10

A Modern Perspective
on the Self

Answer 10

Rene Descartes

Question 11

The Self is Consciousness

Answer 11

John Locke

Question 12

“When we see, hear, smell, taste, feel, meditate, or will anything, we know that we do so. Thus it is always as to our present sensations and perceptions: and by this every one is to himself that which he calls self….”

Answer 12

John Locke

Question 13

he denies that the individual self necessarily exists in a single soul or substance. For him, the essence of the self is its conscious awareness of itself as a thinking, reasoning, reflecting identity. But this in no way means that this self is necessarily imbedded in a single substance or soul—it might very well take up residence in any number of substances or souls.

Answer 13

John Locke

Question 13

In his mind, conscious awareness and memory of previous experiences are the keys to understanding the self. In other words, you have a coherent concept of your self as a personal identity because you are aware of your self when you are thinking, feeling, and willing and, you have memories of times when you were aware of your self in the past.

Answer 13

John Locke

Question 13

There is No Self

Answer 13

David Hume

Question 14

believing that the source of all genuine knowledge is our direct sense experience.

Answer 14

David Hume

Question 15

if we carefully examine the contents of our experience, we find that there are only two distinct entities, “impressions” and “ideas”:

Answer 15

David Hume

Question 15

are the basic sensations of our experience, the elemental data of our minds: pain, pleasure, heat, cold, happiness, grief, fear, exhilaration, and so on. These are “lively” and “vivid.”

Answer 15

Impressions

Question 16

are copies of impressions, and as a result, they are less “lively” and “vivid.” this includes thoughts and images that are built up from our primary impressions through a variety of relationships, but because they are derivative copies of impressions, they are once removed from reality.

Answer 16

Ideas

Question 17

“I can never catch myself at any time without a perception, and never can observe any thing but the perception.” Even when we actively look for the self, he contends, we simply can’t find it!

Answer 17

David Hume

Question 18

our mind is a kind of theatre, where several perceptions successively make their appearance; pass, repass, glide away, and mingle in an infinite variety of postures and situations

Answer 18

David Hume

Question 18

For him Hume’s devastating conclusions served as a Socratic “gadfly” to his spirit of inquiry, awakening him from his intellectual sleep and galvanizing him to action.

Answer 18

Immanuel Kant

Question 18

The sensations of experience are necessary for knowledge, but they are in reality the “grist” for our mental “mills.” Our minds actively synthesize and relate these sensations in the process of creating an intelligible world. As a result, the sensations of immediate experience conform to our minds, rather than the reverse. We construct our world through these conceptual operations, and as a result, this is a world in which we can gain insight and knowledge.

Answer 18

Immanuel Kant

Question 18

We Construct the Self

Answer 18

Immanuel Kant

Question 19

it’s our self that makes experiencing an intelligible world possible, because it’s the self that is responsible for synthesizing the discreet data of sense experience into a meaningful whole. Metaphorically, our self is the weaver who, using the loom of the mind, weaves together the fabric of experience into a unified whole so that it becomes my experience, my world, my universe. Without our self to perform this synthesizing function, our experience would be unknowable, a chaotic collection of sensations without coherence or significance.

Answer 19

Immanuel Kant

Question 20

The Conscious and Unconscious Selves

Answer 20

Sigmund Freud

Question 21

he is not, strictly speaking, a philosopher, but his views on the nature of the self have had a far-reaching impact on philosophical thinking, as well as virtually every other discipline in the humanities and social sciences. Naturally, his most dominant influence has been in the fields of psychology and psychoanalysis.

Answer 21

Sigmund Freud

Question 21

Essential to an understanding of Freud’s conception of the unconscious is the psychoanalytic model of “___” human functioning.

Answer 21

Split Level

Question 21

Freud’s view of the self was multitiered, divided among the ___,____,___

Answer 21

Conscious, Preconscious, and unconscious

Question 22

contains basic instinctual drives including sexuality, aggressiveness, and self-destruction; traumatic memories; unfulfilled wishes and childhood fantasies; thoughts and feelings that would be considered socially taboo.

Answer 22

Unconscious

Question 23

level is characterized by the most primitive level of human motivation and human functioning. At this level, the most basic instinctual drives seek immediate gratification or discharge. Unheedful of the demands and restrictions of reality, the naked impulses at this level are governed solely by the “pleasure principle.”

Answer 23

Unconscious

Question 24

is the impulsive part of your personality that is driven by pleasure and repulsed by pain

Answer 24

Id

Question 24

is governed by the “reality principle” (rather than the “pleasure principle”), and at this level of functioning, behavior and experience are organized in ways that are rational, practical, and appropriate to the social environment

Answer 24

Conscious Self

Question 24

is the conscious part of your personality that mediates between the id and the superego and makes decisions.

Answer 24

Ego

Question 24

is the judgmental and morally correct part of your personality

Answer 24

Superego