UW Buzzwords Flashcards
(184 cards)
1
Q
Subcutaneous nodules (xanthomas), family history
A
Familial hypercholesterolemia; decreased LDL receptors
2
Q
Mid-abdominal pain, waking up during the night, relieved by eating a light meal
A
Peptic ulcer; urea breath test for urease produced by Helicobacter pylori
3
Q
Low-pitched, mid-diastolic murmur at the cardiac apex
A
Mitral stenosis (MS), most commonly caused by Rheumatic fever
4
Q
Mild abdominal discomfort (GI hamartomatous polyps), pigmented mucocutaneous macules
A
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, autosomal dominant
5
Q
Tender mass, cytoplasmic vacuoles (cytoplasmic lipid), scalloping of the nuclear membrane
A
Liposarcoma
6
Q
In autoimmune blistering disease (Pemphigus vulgaris), the autoantibodies react with an antigen at which location?
A
Epidermis (desmogleins)
7
Q
An infant dies from shortness of breath and low lung compliance (Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, NRDS). Which cells are dysfunctional?
A
Type 2 pneumocytes
8
Q
Apical bronchogenic carcinoma that invades the brachial plexus (Pancoast tumor) results in eye asymmetry and anisocoria (Horner syndrome)
A
Sympathetic trunk (superior cervical ganglion) invovled
9
Q
Method to achieve fertility in a patient with Turner’s syndrome
A
In vitro fertilization (IVF)
10
Q
Depressive patient complaints excessive thirst and dry mouth after hospitalization, urine remains dilute following water depreviation
A
Renal tubular dysfunction caused by lithium; nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (DI)
11
Q
Infant, bright bleeding per rectum, microscopic evaluation of discharge reveal gastric mucosal cells
A
Gastric mucosa (Meckel diverticulum)
12
Q
Chest pain, sudden death of an African American in young age
A
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM); Normal coronary arteries, hypertrophy of the LV myocardium, LV outlet obstruction
13
Q
Second heart sound (S2)
A
Closure of the aortic (A2) and pulmonic valves (P2); left ventricular pressure has fallen just below aortic pressure at the onset of isovolumetric left ventricular relaxation.
14
Q
Best blood donor for a patient with IgA deficiency
A
A patient with IgA deficiency; due to anti-IgA antibodies in their blood
15
Q
Replicating DNA strands contains multiple discontinuous fragments of DNA with intervening RNA fragments (RNA primer).
A
DNA polymerase I inhibited
16
Q
Most accurate ROC curve in diagnosing a disease
A
The curve has the largest area under the curve
17
Q
Elderly female, adnexal mass, abdominal discomfort
A
Ovarian caner; increased CA 125
18
Q
Solid organ transplant patient, decling renal function
A
Cyclosporine nephrotoxicity
19
Q
Vomiting, Parkinson history, which medication should be avoided?
A
Metroclopramide; can exacerbate Parkinsonian syndrome
20
Q
Urine turns dark on standing, homogentisic acid in urine, what is the most prominent long-term consequence?
A
Debilitating arthritis; due to alkaptonuria, homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (HGO) deficiency
21
Q
Rigidity, tremor that disappears with motion
A
Parkinsonism, damage to substantia nigra, located in the midbrain
22
Q
A patient with atrial fibrillation experience foot pain (acute ischemia), which is most likely increased in the extracellular space of the affected region?
A
Potassium, via reduced functionality of membrane Na-K-ATPase
23
Q
Darkly stained (protein accumulation) cells adjacent to the renal glomerulus
A
Juxtaglomerular cells, secrete renin
24
Q
Amniotic fluid is added to a test well containing ethanol, shaken, stable ring of foam
A
Test for surfactant
25
Female athlete, vertebral fracture (osteoporosis), disordered eating, amenorrhea
Estrogen deficiency, due to decreased LH and GnRH
26
Vision prolem (ectopia lentis), mental retardation, cystathionine synthase deficiency
Homocystinuria; Methionine and Homocysteine accumulate
27
A round fluid-filled space within pancreas on CT (Pancreatic pseudocyst)
Acute pancreatitis
28
Complementary DNA sequences run in an antiparallel direction
From 3' end to 5' end
29
Heparin is a safer choice in pregnant woman compared to warfarin because of?
High water solubility; warfarin is a lipophilic molecule that can easily cross the placenta
30
Urinary infection caused by Gram-negative cocci
Neisseria gonorrhoeae; pili is responsible for infection
31
Treatment of Eye infection in AIDS (CMV retinitis)
Ganciclovir, blocks DNA chain elongation
32
Benefits of smoking cessation
Decreases the risk of lung cancer, myocardial infarction, and cerebrovascular accident
33
Outbreak transmitted from poultry to human (bird flu, avian flu)
antigenic shift, genetic reassortment
34
Early adulthood, muscle pain on exertion, exercise tolerance
McArdle disease (glycogen storage disease type IV), impaired glycogenolysis
35
Peaked T-waves on EKG
Hyperkalemia
36
Bulging eyes, weight loss, palpitation
Graves disease; glycosaminoglycan synthesis by fibroblasts results in the eye symptoms
37
Palpitations, dyspnea on exertion, an irregular heartbeat and absence of p-waves on EKG
Atrial fibrillation (AF); loss of the a-wave from the jugular venous pressure (JVP) tracing.
38
A child squats during cyanotic episodes in order to improve oxygenation
Tetralogy of Fallot, most common cyanotic congenital heart defect
39
A tumor on the dorsal midbrain (pineal tumor)
Upward gaze palsy, absent pupillary light reflex, failure of convergence and a wide-based gait
40
Where do gastrointestinal stem cells reside?
Crypts of Lieberkuhn
41
Chronic alcoholic, frequent falls, tremor
Damage of cerebellum
42
An agent that increases peripheral vascular resistance, increases systolic blood pressure, decreases pulse pressure, and decreases heart rate
Phenylephrine, a selective _1-adrenergic receptor agonist
43
TATA and CAAT boxes
Transcription initiators
44
Hypermobile joints, hyperextensible skin, brusies easily, family history
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS), an autosomal recessive defect in lysyl hydroxylase; bruising tendency is similar to Vitamin C deficiency
45
In radioimmunoassay (RIA), if substance Y and substance X had the same epitoes, then
The plot of radioactivity against increasing concentraiton of substance Y would show a proportionate decrease in radioactivity.
46
A defense mechanism where inappropirate actions are explained using logical reasoning that was not part of the thought process leading to the original action
Rationalization
47
Liver biopsy shows spherical nodules within the confines of fibrous septae.
Cirrhosis; the regenerative nodules are composed of proliferating hepatocytes.
48
Increased resistance to passive movement about a joint (cogwheel regidity)
Parkinson disease
49
Young female evaluated for infertility, normal height and normal progesterone level
Previous pelvic inflammatory disease
50
Antibiotics that bind to a pocket within the 23S rRNA moiety of the prokaryotic 50S ribosomal subunit, block translocation of the ribosome along mRNA.
Macrolide (e.g., Erythromycin) and clindamycin
51
A painless, compressible mass above the left clavicle that transilluminate
Cystic hygroma; associated with chromosomal aneuploidy (i.e., Turner syndrome, trisomies)
52
The neuronal action potential will increase with
Increase in extracellular sodium concentrations or decreases in intracellular sodium concentrations
53
A linear, erythematous rash that develops shortly after a hiking trip
Plant-induced allergic contact dermatitis (e.g., poison ivy); type IV hypersensitivity (delayed-type hypersensitivity)
54
Sickle cell patient, sepsis due to encapsulated Gram-positive cocci
Splenic atrophy
55
Lactose intolerance getting worse with age
Expression of lactase gene declines with age
56
External radiation therapy to the head and neck during childhood
Increased riks of developing thyroid cancer
57
Inappropriate sexual behavior, constant food seeking (oral fixation), hyperphagia
Kluver-Bucy syndrome (KBS); damage to amygdala (temporal lobe)
58
In the urea cycle, which step releases urea
Arginine to ornithine
59
Mechnical ventilation, blood pH > 7.4, PaCO2 < 40 mmHg
Respiratory alkalosis due to hyperventilation; kidney compensation results in increased urine pH
60
Mechanism of action for clyclosporine
Inhibiting IL-2 transcription
61
Lip smaking and tongue protruding (Involuntary movements), psychiatric history
Tardive dyskinesia, upregulation of dopamine receptors, decrease in cholinergic tone in the striatum
62
Deficiency of dopamine hydroxylase
Orthostatic hypotension (defect in sympathetic nervous system)
63
P wave in EKG
Atrial depolarization
64
Exertional dyspnea, poor exercise tolerance, smoking history
COPD, increased residual volume and total lung capacity
65
When normal cells are cultured in a Petri dish, they reproduce until the medium is covered with a single layer of cells.
Contact inhibition. Malignant cells do not show contact inhibition and will pile up into small mounds.
66
Advantage of the inactivated polio vaccine over the oral form
Does not revert to a virulent form
67
Face and neck edema, neck vein engorgement
Superior vena cava (SVC) syndrome. In axial sections, the SVC can be seen in the region of the right heart, just lateral to the ascending aorta.
68
Midshaft fractures of the humerus
Radial nerve injury; weakness of elbow extension.
69
Deficiency of carbonic anhydrase in bone cells
Impaired bone modeling (bone demineralization)
70
dsDNA replication (e.g., adenovirus)
DNA-dependent DNA polymerase
71
Painful pharyngeal contractures, eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions in hippocampal neurons (Negri bodies)
Rabies infection; animal contact
72
Which will be increased in renal artery stenosis?
Filtration fraction, due to decreased renal blood flow.
73
Understimulation of which receptor is responsible for orthostatic hypotension?
_1-adrenergic receptor
74
Which medication to treat psoriasis has strong teratogenic potential?
Acitretin
75
Mechanisms of bacterial resistance to aminoglycosides (e.g., gentamicin)
Poor drug penetration through the bacterial membrane
76
Weight loss agent FDA-approved for the treatment of obesity
Orlistat; inhibiting intestinal lipase to inhibit fat absorption in the gut
77
Curve produced by Cooperative kinetics
Sigmoid shape. Michaelis-Menten kinetics produces a hyperbolic curve.
78
Venous drainge from the rectum to liver
Superior rectal vein -> inferior mesenteric vein -> splenic vein -> portal vein
79
Dry skin (xerosis)
Skin moisturization after bathing
80
Exercise-induced muscle pain, colored urine (myoglobinuria)
McArdle disease (glycogen storage disease V), glycogen accumulation, myophosphorylase deficiency
81
Effect of insulin on phosphofructoinase (PFK-2)
Increased fructose-6-phosphate -> promoting PFK-2 activity -> increased fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (glycolysis)
82
Membrane-associated proteins (hydrophobic)
Glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, methionine, and proline.
83
Spread of infection from the orbit, nose and paranasal sinuses will result in thrombosis of which dural sinus?
Cavernous sinus
84
Cyanosis that worsens with feeding, crying or exercise; squat to improve pulmonary blood flow
Tetralogy of Fallot
85
Bilateral parotid swelling, a swollen and tender scrotum, does not "fell like having sex"
Mumps-induced orchitis; Leydig cell atrophy, decreased testosterone
86
Abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea, homosexual, trophozoites with phagocytosed blood cells in stool
Entamoeba histolytica; transmitted through oral-anal contact
87
Lumbar lordosis
Excessive contracture of the hip flexors, weakness of the hip extensors.
88
Proteinuria, spike-like deposition, adult
Membranous glomerulonephritis; associated with chronic infection, autoimmune disease, or an underlying carcinoma
89
GI hormones stimulate insulin release following oral consumption of glucose
Incretin, glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1), gastric inhibitory peptide (glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, GIP)
90
An infant born to a hypertensive women, renal failure
ACE inhibitor fetopathy (AIF); impaired angiotensinogen metabolism
91
Mechanism of action of Statins
Increased LDL receptor-mediated endocytosis in hepatocytes, decreased circulating LDL levels
92
ApoB-48, a truncated form of ApoB-100, is produced by
Intestinal enterocytes; ApoB-100 is produced by hepatocytes.
93
Testis, Gram stain shows neutrophils but no organisms
Chlamydia trachomatis; treat with bacterial protein synthesis inhibitor (e.g., azithromycin).
94
Penicillin and probenecid
Imipenem and cilastatin; combinations of an antibiotic with a drug that inhibits renal tubular secretion of the antibiotic.
95
Tetracycline side effects
Tooth discoloration, retarded bone formation.
96
Hypertension, hypokalemia, deficiencies of cortisol and sex steroids
17_-hydroxylase deficiency (congenital adrenal hyperplasia)
97
Cough syncope
Decreased venous return to the heart
98
DNA from skin cells accumulates covalently bound adjacent pyrimidines
Xeroderma pigmentosum; defects in DNA repair process
99
t(14; 18), Bcl-2
Follicular lymphoma
100
Spider angiomas
High estrogen
101
Flesh-colored skin nodules (cafe-au-lait), axillary freckling, pigmented iris hamartomas (Lisch nodules)
Neurofibromatosis type 1, Schwann cells proliferations in the skin nodules
102
Normal distribution, 68/95/99 rule
68% within 1 SD, 95% within 2 SDs, 99.7% within 3 SDs of the mean.
103
Drug raising HDL level
Niacin; use Aspirin to diminishe the side effects
104
Abdominal cramping, loose and blood stools, neutrophils accumulate in the crypt mucosa
Ulcerative colitis
105
Ovarian follicular atresia
Apoptosis
106
Agglutination inhibition test
Presence of agglutination is considered a negative result
107
Urinary retention due to taking antidepressant drug
Tricyclic antidepressant (e.g., amitriptyline)
108
Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most common cause of RFLP.
109
Paclitaxel coating in coronary artery stents
Inhibiting intimal hyperplasia
110
Fever, chills, sore throat, a single-strand RNA virus that replicates in the nucleus
Influenza A
111
Effect of insulin on the GLUT4 protein in adipose cells
Translocates the protein to the cell membrane
112
Muscle that pulls the distal clavicular fragment inferolaterally
Deltoid; Trapezius draws superomedially
113
Numbness of the anterolateral leg and dorsal foot
Injury of common peroneal nerve
114
Seven transmembrane _-helical domains
G protein
115
High blood ammonium, increased urinary orotic acid (accumulation of carbamoyl phosphate)
Ornithine transcarbamoylase deficiency
116
Defective proline hydroxylation
Failure of triple-helix formation and stabilization by pro-alpha chains during collagen synthesis
117
Bacterial host DNA is packages into a bacteriophage (viron instead of viral genome)
Transduction, no new virus synthesized. Virion is able to infect cells, but not able to produce progeny.
118
Temporal lobe herniated through tentorium
Uncal herniation; oculomotor nerve affected
119
Multiple physical complaints including four pain symptoms, two GI symptoms, one sexual symptom and one pseudoneurological symptom before age 30
Somatization disorder
120
The number of CAG (polyglutamine) repeats increases
Huntington disease; anticipation
121
Postmenopausal female, vertebral fracture following minor trauma
Osteoporosis; ovarian hypofunction, estrogen deficiency
122
Memory impairment in an alcoholic patient
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
123
17-alpha-hydroxylase deficiency, insufficient sex hormones and cortisol and overproduce aldosterone
LH and ACTH increased, renin decreased
124
Heterozygote of MCAD deficiency
Have half the normal level of MCAD activity while remaining phenotypically normal
125
Biochemical pathway that uses glycine and succinyl-CoA as substrates in liver
Heme synthesis
126
Fatigue, muscle cramps and weakness
Hypokalemia
127
Tuberculosis of the lumbar vertebrae
Psoas major muscle involved, abcess in the groin
128
Young patient preseting with herpes zoster (grouped or solitary vesicles on an erythematous base in a dermatomal distribution)
test HIV
129
Antihypertensive drug that causes increased renin level and decreased angiotensin II and aldosterone levels
ACE inhibitor (e.g., captopril)
130
Virus antigen that gains acces to the cell by non-normal way(injection) treated as extrinsic protein
MHC II are expressed by macrophages and B cells, recognized by CD4 helper T cells
131
Elderly female, pain and stiffness in fingers after knitting
Osteoarthritis; repeated mechanical trauma
132
Mechnical ventilation, respiratory acidosis, hypoxemia
Increased physiologic dead space and/or physiologic right-to-left shunt
133
Microsatellite instability
Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC, Lynch syndrome)
134
Female, dyspareunia, red/blue punctate lesions on the bladder mucosa
Endometriosis; infertility
135
HIV, abdominal pain, diarrhea, colonoscopy shows erythema, ulcerations and nodular lesions.
CMV (herpesvirus) colitis
136
Antiretroviral medication derived from gp41 on HIV
Enfuvirtide; prevent HIV viral fusion and entry into host cells
137
Severe lower extremity in the absence of an explanation for such edema (e.g., right heart failure, hepatic cirrhosis or nephrotic syndrome)
Inferior vena cava (IVC) obstruction
138
Flank pain, flank mass, hematuria, increased hemoglobin
Excessive erythropoietin produced by renal cell carcinoma
139
A single point mutation in the viral protease region of the HIV pol gene
Resistance to all protease inhibitors, with the suffix "-navir". (e.g., indinavir, ritonavir)
140
Cerebellar and retinal hemangioblastomas
von Hippel-Lindau syndrome; renal cell carcinoma, pheochromocytoma
141
Decreased 2,3-BPG
Increased oxygen affinity of normal hemoglobin; dissociation curve resembles that of fetal hemoglobin (HbF).
142
Wilson's disease
Copper deposits in the cornea (Kayser-Fleischer ring)
143
Phagocytosis of bacterials by neutrophils
NADPH oxidase; Neutrophil oxidative (respiratory) burst
144
Point mutation resulting in the substitution of one amino acid for another
Missense mutation
145
A firm, mobile breast nodule in young woman, increasing in size during pregnancy, lactation or menstrual cycle
Fibroadenoma
146
Mutation of chromosome 9p21
Dysplastic nevus syndrome; family history of melanoma
147
Widening of the mediastinum and an abnormal aortic contour on chest x-ray, chronic uncontrolled hypertension, normal EKG
Aortic dissection
148
Drugs that increase choloride conductance produced by GABA
Benzodiazepines and barbiturates; Flumazenil competitively inhibits benzodiazepines.
149
Cardiovascular response to exercise: increased heart rate and LV end-diastolic volume, decreased LV end-systolic volume, unchanged LV end-diastolic pressure
Normal response to exercise
150
Chronic alcohol consumption
Cerebellar degeneration; derivative of the rhombencephalon
151
A short _-helix protein fragment with leucine residues at every seventh position
Leucine zipper dimerization domain; nucleic acid-binding domain
152
Painless lymphadenopathy, fever, night sweats, weight loss, owl's eyes cell (Reed-Sternberg)
Hodgkin's lymphoma
153
G protein-coupled receptor stimulates hydrolysis of membrane-bound phospholipids
Phospholipase C -> IP3 -> DAG -> Ca2+ efflux -> Protein Kinase-c
154
The first reaction in the synthesis of pyrimidines using CO2 occurs in
Cytosol
155
Pain due to flex the hip against resistance
Psoas muscle inflammation
156
Chronic alcoholic, foot edema, exertional dyspnea
Dilated cardiomyopathy
157
What structure of mycobacterial cell membranes is responsible for Carbolfuchsin stain (acid-fast staining)
Mycolic acid; inhibited by isoniazid.
158
Crescentic proliferations of the epithelial cells lining Bowman's space on histologic examination
Anti-GBM disease (Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, RPGN); IgG deposits.
159
Irregular vaginal bleeding and high _-hCG within weeks after childbirth
Choriocarcinoma
160
An enlarged parathyroid gland and three small atrophic parathyroid glands
Negative feedback inhibition; parathyroid adenoma
161
Acne drugs binding nuclear receptors
Retinoid (isotretinoin, acitretin, tretinoin, adapalene, and tazarotene)
162
Major risk factors for coronary artery disease
Smoking, dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, prior ischemic heart disease
163
Which structures pass through the diaphragm alongside the esophagus?
Vagus trunks
164
Mechanism of action of amlodipine (calcium channel blocker)
Decreases afterload and cardiac work by causing arteriolar vasodilatation
165
Young adult, pancreatic islet cells have a high set point for insulin secretion
Glucokinase deficiency; maturity onset diabetes of the yourng (MODY)
166
Severe hypoglycemia, hepatomegaly, administration of fructose causes lactic acidosis
von Gierke disease (glycogen storage disease type I), glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency
167
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, hypotonia in infant, PAS-positive intracellular granules (glycogen accumulation within lysosomes)
Pompe disease (glycogen storage disease type II), lysosomal enzyme deficiency (acid maltase, acid alpha-glucosidase)
168
Male, infertility, gynecomastia, small firm testes, low testosterone, increased LH and estradiol
Klinefelter syndrome (47XXY); karyotype analysis for diagnosis
169
Typical lab findings of DIC
Low fibrinogen and pletelets, prolongation of PT and PTT, increased fibrin degradation products
170
Subtherapeutic INR (low INR, warfarin is metabolized faster)
P450 inducer (e.g., phenobarbital antiepileptic therapy)
171
Blue-black discoloration of the skin, nails, cartilage and sclerae
Ochronosis; tyrosine degradation impairment, alkaptonuria
172
Sickle cell anemia, bone pain
Osteomyelitis, Gram-negative rod (Selmonella)
173
Pinpoint pupils, loss of horizontal gaze, quadriparesis, decerebrate posturing, and rapidly evolving coma culminating in death within hours
Pontine hemorrhage
174
Brain tumor, increased intracranial pressure
Vasogenic edema
175
Reactive arthritis, conjunctivitis, urethritis
Reiter syndrome; urogenital infection with Chlamydia trachomatis
176
Which structure within the female genital tract has two types of epithelium
Cervix; columnar epthelium and stratified squamous epithelium
177
Lockjaw
Tetanus; exotoxin-induced muscle spasm
178
Anti-HAV IgM positive
Acute hepatitis A
179
Menigitis in AIDS, yeast in CSF
Cryptococcus neoformans infection; treat with amphotericin B (binds ergosterol, creating pores in fungal cell membranes).
180
Reddish-purple skin patches in AIDS
Kaposi sarcoma; associated human herpes virus-8 (HHV-8)
181
Fail to concentrate urine with dehydration, increased vasopressin
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (DI); renal tubular dysfunction
182
Renal tubular dysfunction due to lung nodule
Hypercalcemia of malignancy
183
Platelet inhibition drugs that are analogs of the carboxyl terminal of the delta chain of fibrinogen
Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist (abciximab, eptifibatide, and tirofiban); competitive inhibitor of integrin
184
Clopidogrel coadministrated with omeprazole increases the risk of thrombosis
Clopidogrel must be activated by P450, a P450 inhibitor (omeprazole) would decrease the efficacy of clopidogrel.
