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UW Notes > UW Deck 1 > Flashcards

UW Deck 1 Flashcards

1
Q

hepatic abscess

A

staph aureus through hematogenous spread, enteric bacteria by ascending biliary tract infection or direct invasion

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2
Q

entamoeba histolytica

A

food borne illness, areas of poor sanitation

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3
Q

penetrating injuries

A

mixed aerobic and anaerobic

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4
Q

lead poisonining

A

hypochromic anemia, lead inhibits mitochondrial iron transport, important for heme synthesis

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5
Q

T / B cell relation

A

T cells needed to active B cell maturation and class switching

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6
Q

temporal arteritis

A

giant cell arteritis (multinucleated giant cells), polymyalgia rheumatica (neck, torso, shoulder, pelvic girdle pain, morning stiffness), fatigue, fever, weight loss, monocular vision loss, jaw pain and tongue claudication, ESR uniformaly elevated, temporal artery bx to confirm dx, corticosteroids started ASAP to prevent vision loss

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7
Q

constrictive pericarditis

A

thick fibrosis between parietal and visceral pericardium in pericardial space, kussmaul’s sign (inspiration –> paradoxical increased JVP instead of decreased JVP), pulsus paradoxus

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8
Q

holosystolic murmur

A

apex: MR, LLSB: VSD

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9
Q

loud p2

A

pulmonary htn

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10
Q

S3

A

volume overload, reduced ventricular compliance (diastolic dysfunction)

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11
Q

pericardial knock

A

constrictive pericarditis (reduced ventricular compliance), right after S2, earlier than S3

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12
Q

Alzheimer

A

word-finding difficulties, visuospatial, later on: executive, behavioral; atrophy in temporoparietal and hippocampus, strong genetic component

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13
Q

brain tumors in children

A

MC: pilocytic astrocytoma, 2nd MC: medulloblastoma = both in posterior fossa/cerebellum, differentiate with histology

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14
Q

primitive neuroectodermal tumor

A

sheets of primitive cells, many mitotic figures, poorly differentiated, poor prognosis

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15
Q

cerebellar tumor

A

gait instability, limb ataxia, increased intracranial pressure (headache, lethargy, vomiting)

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16
Q

medulloblastoma

A

undifferentiated/aggressive tumor, small blue cells = scant cytoplasm, basophilic nuclei, often in vermis of cerebellum

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17
Q

mental status exam (MMSE)

A

orientation to time/space, attention & concentration (spell world backwards), comprehension (3-step command) memory, visuospatial (draw clockface), language (write a sentence)

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18
Q

TOF

A

asymmetric division of embryonic truncus arteriosus

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19
Q

acyanotic heart diseases

A

ASD, VSD, PDA –> eisenmenger syndrome –> maybe cyanotic

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20
Q

coarctation of aorta

A

preductal in infant, ductal dependent systemic perfusion

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21
Q

lung recoil

A

elastic fibers, surface tension, not affected by PANS

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22
Q

PANS on lungs

A

increased smooth muscle contraction, increased bronchial mucous secretion –> greater airway resistance, decreased ventilation; muscarinic acetylchoine antagonists block vagally-mediated bronchoconstriction

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23
Q

polyhydramnios

A

inability to swallow, increased production of fetal urine

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24
Q

APP

A

amyloid precursor protein –> cleavage –> A beta amyloid (accumulated in AD), more APP in down syndrome (trisomy 21)

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25
Q

myotonia

A

slow relaxation of muscles

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26
Q

myotonic muscular dystrophy

A

autosomal dominant, trinucleotide repeat expansion (anticipation) for myotonia protein kinase gene, myotonia, weakness, muscle atrophy, cataracts, gonadal atrophy, frontal balding

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27
Q

peripheral vascular disease

A

diminished pulses in affected areas (most commonly in legs)

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28
Q

acute aortic dissection

A

tearing chest pain, radiates to back, unequal pulse strength in upper and lower extremities

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29
Q

pulsus paradoxus

A

korotkoff sounds intermittently heard during expration –> drop in greater than 10 mmHg –> sounds heard inspiration and expiration; systolic pressure drops more than 10 mm Hg with inspiration

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30
Q

asthma attack: sx

A

prolonged expiration, pulsus paradoxus (severe obstructive pulmonary disease), wheezing, tachypnea, SOB

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31
Q

albuterol

A

acute asthmatic control: b2 adrenergic agonist –> increase cAMP –> relax bronchial smooth muscle

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32
Q

cromolyn

A

mast cell stabilization, helps asthma (but not in acute setting)

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33
Q

asthma pathology

A

excessive cytokines from Th2; small airway obstruction; mast cells release histamine and leukotrienes –> bronchospasm, increase mucous secretion

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34
Q

corticosteroids

A

impairs eosinophil degranulation, helps asthma in acute setting (but takes longer than albuterol, hours to days)

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35
Q

histamine

A

released in hypersensitivity reaction, can lead to bronchial smooth muscle contraction

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36
Q

atopic/extrinsic allergic asthma

A

high serum IgE

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37
Q

non-immune-mediated asthma

A

normal levels of serum IgE, “intrinsic” asthma, precipitated by pulmonary infections (espeically viral), aspirin ingestion, cold air, inhaled irritants, stress, exercise

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38
Q

immune mediated and non-immune mediated asthma

A

bronchial hyperreactivity

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39
Q

tuberculosis histology

A

in granulomas: th1-activated macrophages form langhans giant cells = characteristic of caseating granulomas in m tb, multiple nuclei in periphery/horseshoe shape

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40
Q

tuberculosis

A

inhalation –> ghon complex in middle or lower lobes –> apical lungs + hilar lymph nodes: caseating granulomas + cavitary pulmonary lesions

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41
Q

tuberculosis pathogenesis

A

macrophage phagocytosis –> t cell activation –> macrophage activation: kill intracellular bugs, form epithelioid cells and langhans giant cells

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42
Q

tuberculosis IFN-g

A

responsible for granuloma formation and caseous necrosis

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43
Q

afib

A

no p waves, tachycardia, irregular rate set by AV node refractory period (can’t conduct all atrial electrical activity), without AV node, afib and vfib can be >300 bpm

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44
Q

cardiac hyperpolarization

A

K channels remain open a little longer after repolarization

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45
Q

K permeability of the heart

A

highest during repolarization (higher than resting)

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46
Q

spleen, embryology

A

mesoderm derived (not foregut), but supplied by foregut artery (celiac –> splenic artery), everything else supplied by celiac is from foregut

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47
Q

liver and pancreas, embryology

A

outpouching of endoderm foregut

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48
Q

transverse colon blood supply

A

middle colic (SMA) + left colic (IMA)

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49
Q

pancreatic blood supply

A

superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries

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50
Q

cholesterol source

A

intake, production by liver

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51
Q

cholesterol –> bile

A

cholesterol (insoluble) –> bile acids –> bile salts (soluble) –> secreted into bile

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52
Q

gallstone formation

A

increased cholesterol (insoluble), decreased bile salts (detergent activity = helps make cholesterol soluble), decreased phosphatidylcholine (phospholipid, helps make cholesterol soluble)

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53
Q

efferent arteriolar constriction

A

increases GFR up to a point, decreased RPF = always increased FF; GFR starts decreasing because of flow-mediated increase in oncotic pressure in glomerular capillaries

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54
Q

afferent arteriolar constrictoin

A

decreased GFR, decreased RPF = same FF

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55
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

abnormal protein huntingtin (gene HD), hypermethylates certain histones –> gene silencing; NMDA receptors depleted in striatum

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56
Q

gene transcription regulation: histones

A

methylation silences, acetylation increases txn

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57
Q

thymidine dimerization

A

UV damage to DNA

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58
Q

adenosine deaminase

A

adenosine –> inosine (first step in elimination of excess adenosine)

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59
Q

adenosine deaminase deficiency

A

second MC SCID, autosomal recessive, current tx research: retroviral vectors to infect pt stem cells with deficient gene

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60
Q

myeloperoxidase

A

neutrophil enzyme, helps kill phagocytized bugs, makes hypochlorite (bleach) from H2O2 and chloride

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61
Q

reverse transcriptase

A

rna-dependent DNA polymerase + dna-dependent DNA polymerase

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62
Q

NADPH oxidase

A

allows neutrophils to form ROS for oxidative burst, deficient in chronic granulomatous disease

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63
Q

chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)

A

recurrent infections with catalase-producing bugs (staphylococcus), neutrophils don’t turn blue (need ROS to turn blue) in nitroblue tetrazolium testing, bugs that don’t produce catalyse die of H2O2 accumulation

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64
Q

chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)

A

decreased NADPH oxidase activity –> defective neutrophil oxidative burse (can’t make H2O2 or ROS), x-linked, failure of myeloperoxidase system

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65
Q

contralateral homonymous hemianopia

A

lesion in optic tract, lateral geniculate nucleus, optic radiation

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66
Q

pupillary light reflex

A

retina –> optic nerve –> optic chiasm –> optic tract –> some fibers go to pretectal nucleus in midbrain –> EW nucleus

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67
Q

Marcuss Gunn pupil

A

nasal retina fibers > temporal retina fibers go to pretectal nucleus; damage to left optic tract = right nasal fibers damaged = right pupillary constricts less with light

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68
Q

frontal eye fields

A

region in prefrontal cortex, generates conjugate gaze movements to contralateral side; lesion: eye looks to side of lesion

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69
Q

contralateral homonymous hemianopia + intact pupillary response

A

lesion in lateral geniculate nucleus, optic radiation

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70
Q

contralateral homonymous hemianopia + macular sparing

A

lesion in visual cortex, pupillary reflexes intact

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71
Q

neural tube defects related to drugs

A

valproate: inhibits intestinal folic acid absorption

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72
Q

ebstein’s anomly

A

atrialized right ventricle, downward displacement of tricuspid valve, lithium during early pregnancy

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73
Q

Ach in alzheimer’s

A

decreased Ach in hippocampus and nucleus basalis of Meynert (deficiency in choline acetyltransferase)

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74
Q

locus ceruleus

A

panic disorders, area contains a lot of NE

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75
Q

raphe nucleus

A

contains a lot of serotonin, part of brainstem’s reticular formation, serotonin implicated in anorexia, depression, sleep disorders

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76
Q

rabies

A

bats, restlessness, agitation, dysphagia (painful spasms with swallowing) then coma, killed virus vaccine, rapid spread and replication through/in nerves/CNS

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77
Q

delusional disorder

A

non-bizarre delusions (vs. bizarre delusions in schizophrenia), function not impaired (impaired in schizophrenia)

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78
Q

familial hypercholesterolemia

A

LDL receptor defect –> decreased LDL uptake by liver –> increased LDL and total cholesterol

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79
Q

strep pneumo vaccine

A

capsule polysaccharide of many strains (but not all), recommended for >65, COPD, immunosuppressed, asplenic pts, unconjugated vaccine (no Th response, only IgM)

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80
Q

live attenuated bacterial vaccine

A

live vaccines more common for viruses, for bacteria: BCG vaccine (TB), typhoid (salmonella typhi), francisella tularensis

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81
Q

live attenuted viral vaccines

A

measles, mumps, rotavirus, Sabin polio

82
Q

killed bacterial vaccines

A

pertussis, yersinia pestis (plague), cholera, bacillus anthracis

83
Q

killed viral vaccines

A

rabies, influenza, Hep A, salk polio

84
Q

hep b vaccine

A

recombinant surface protein

85
Q

inactivated toxin vaccines

A

diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid

86
Q

polysaccharide capsule vaccines

A

strep pneumo, h flu, neisseria meningitidis

87
Q

cephalic, gastric, intestinal phases

A

cephalic and gastric phases increase gastric acid secretion, intestinal phase decreases it

88
Q

tetrodotoxin

A

puffer fish, blocks vg-Na channels in cardiac and neural tissues, sx: weakness, paresthesias, loss of reflexes, n/v

89
Q

apex

A

left mid clavicular line, 5th ICS, LV (covered by lung)

90
Q

azygous vein

A

posterior mediastinum, immediately to the right of midline, drains posterior intercostal veins –> SVC

91
Q

lung position relative to heart

A

lungs overlie majority of anterior heart, cardiac impression in both lungs

92
Q

right ventricle, position in thorax

A

majority of inferior border of heart

93
Q

just below the diaphragm

A

liver, stomach, spleen

94
Q

MAP kinase signal transduction pathway

A

autophosphorylation of tyrosine residues –> activation of Ras = G protein, GDP (inactive state), needs GTP to be active (mutated/always active Ras: cancer) –> activate MAP kinase –> MAP kinase enters nucleus and modifies transcription

95
Q

cAMP signal transduction pathway

A

cAMP activates protein kinase A

96
Q

inositol-lipid pathway

A

IP3 messenger –> release Ca from ER

97
Q

lung problems that involve hilar LN

A

TB granulomas (perihilar lymph node involvement), SLE (hilar adenopathy), sarcoidosis (bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy), silicosis (eggshell calcification of hilar LNs), squamous cell carcinoma (hilar mass arising from bronchus)

98
Q

mycoplasma pneumonia

A

walking PNA, nonproductive cough, only mycoplasma genus requires cholesterol to grow (bc cell membrane has a single cholesterol-rich phospholipid bilayer), bug lacks peptidoglycan cell wall, envelope, or capsule

99
Q

streptococcus pneumoniae

A

lobar consolidation, MCC CAP

100
Q

klebsiella pneumoniae

A

debilitated, hospitalized, alcoholics; current jelly

101
Q

h influenzae

A

chocolate agar, factor X, factor V

102
Q

legionella pneumophila

A

requires L-cysteine in agar

103
Q

coxiella burnetii

A

q fever, mild PNA, spores inhaled from animal hides, obligate intracellular

104
Q

coccidioides immitis

A

southwest US, northern mexico, san joaquin valley fever, frequently asx, can also cause severe disseminated dz in immunocompromised

105
Q

histoplasma capsulatum

A

similar dz as cocci, mississippi and ohio

106
Q

pneumocystis jiroveci

A

fungus, severe PNA in HIV+ CD4<200, ground glass, silver stain fluid collected with bronchoscopy

107
Q

aspiration PNA in alcoholics

A

alcohol intoxication impairs gag and cough reflexes, infection with anerobes (bacteroides, prevotella, fusobacterium, peptostreptococcus) and aerobes. Lung abscesses. Tx: clindamycin: most activity against oral anaerobes + gram positive bugs (strep pneumo)

108
Q

metronidazole

A

anerobes but not GP bugs

109
Q

vancomycin, ciprofloxacin, cefazolin

A

no anaerobes

110
Q

acute otitis media

A

h influenzae, strep pneumo

111
Q

h influenza epidemiology

A

different types based on polysaccharide capsule, nontypable strains = ones that don’t have a capsule, part of normal flora in upper respiratory tract, but can cause otitis media, sinusitis, bronchitis; vaccine is for type b (Hib)

112
Q

cold agglutinins

A

mycoplasma pneumonia, EBV infection, hematologic malignancy, antibodies against RBCs (antigenic mimicry) that only agglutinate at low temperatues, can cause transient anemia

113
Q

PPV/NPV vs. sensitivity/specificity

A

PPV/NPV depend on disease prevalence in population, sensitivity/specificity only depend on the test

114
Q

alveolar hyaline membranes

A

decreased lung compliance

115
Q

asthma triggers

A

viral URI, allergens, smoke, cold weather

116
Q

HOCM etiology

A

autosomal dominant disease of cardiac sarcomere (mutation in cardiac sarcomere protein, most common: beta myosin heavy chain)

117
Q

laryngeal carcinoma associated with

A

associated with cigarettes, alcohol

118
Q

acquired bronchiectasis associated with

A

infection, impaired drainage, airway obstruction, inadequate host defense

119
Q

asthma: allergic triad

A

allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis

120
Q

type 1 pneumocytes cell type

A

squamous cells

121
Q

PKU mutation

A

mutation in hepatocyte intracellular enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase –> protein misfolding

122
Q

sickle cell mutation

A

mutation in b-globin gene (Hb S)

123
Q

avoid sunlight in

A

photodermatosis (cutaneous porphyria or lupus photosensitivity)

124
Q

minute ventilation vs. alveolar ventilation

A

minute: TV (L/breath) RR (b/minute), alveolar: (TV-dead space)RR

125
Q

Kartagener syndrome

A

autosomal recessive, microtubular defect –> immotile cilia –> male infertility, recurrent sinusitis, bronchiectasis; associated with situs inversus

126
Q

Marfan’s genetic defect

A

autosomal dominant, defect in connective tissue glycoprotein (fibrillin-1) –> abnormal monomers –> can’t polymerize –> no normal microfibrils in connective tissue

127
Q

Marfan’s associated with

A

(aortic) cystic medial necrosis –> risk for aortic root dilation, aortic valve incompetence, dissecting aortic aneurysm, MVP, high arched palate, crowded teeth, narrow face, lens displacement

128
Q

pyruvate kinase deficiency

A

common cause of hemolytic anemia

129
Q

stool guaiac test

A

trace bleeding in GI

130
Q

pulmonary embolism

A

pleuritic (associated with deep breathing) chest pain; associated with dyspnea, cough, hemoptysis

131
Q

IVDU right heart endocarditis –> pulmonary septic emboli

A

IVDU endocarditis: S aureus, then P aeruginosa –> hemorrhagic pulmonary infarcts (pulmonary infarcts are almost always hemorrhagic due to dual blood supply – pulmonary and bronchial arteries)

132
Q

staph endocarditis

A

penicillin (nafcillin) + aminoglycoside (gentamycin). If MRSA: vancomycin + rifampin/aminoglycoside.

133
Q

ethylene glycol

A

antifreeze, forms toxins to renal tubules, forms calcium oxalate crystals (folded envelopes) –> ARF (ballooning and vacuolar degeneration), anion-gap acidosis

134
Q

ATN

A

oliguria, muddy brown casts

135
Q

laplace’s law

A

distending pressure (to keep sphere distended) = 2T (surface tension) / r

136
Q

surfactant

A

surfactant reduces variation in distending pressure among alveoli of different sizes (greater concentration in smaller alveoli = less surface tension in smaller alveoli = prevent smaller alveoli from collapsing)

137
Q

acute (calculous) cholecystitis pathogenesis

A

stone + GB contraction –> inflammation, irritation –> ischemic/injured/necrotic tissue –> bacterial invasion/infection –> complications: peritonitis, abscess

138
Q

acute cholecystitis clinical

A

RUQ pain, radiates to back or neck, triggered by large meal, fever, n/v, female, fat, forty

139
Q

biliary colic

A

when inflammed or obstructed gallbladder contracts; stimulated by fatty meal (fatty acids –> cholecystokinin stimulates GB contraction)

140
Q

causes of cholestasis

A

intrahepatic (PSC, PBS, cholestasis of pregnancy, drug-induced: erythromycin, contraceptives), extrahepatic (choledocholithiasis, malignancy - pancreatic, gallbladder), hepatocellular dysfunction

141
Q

cholestasis histology

A

green-brown plugs in dilated bile canaliculi

142
Q

cholestasis clinical

A

malabsorption, nutritional deficiencies (ADEK) –> osteomalacia

143
Q

nuclear medicine hepatobiliary scan (HIDA)

A

definitive dx acute calculous cholecystitis by showing cystic duct obstruction (failed gallbladder visualization on radionuclide biliary scan = no radionuclide is filling the gallbladder because it’s obstructed); nonobstructing biliary stones on US are suggestive but not diagnostic; many gallstones are asx

144
Q

labs for cholecystitis

A

increased serum AST, ALT (not diagnostic)

145
Q

left-sided colon cancer

A

obstruction: cramping, change in stool caliber, constipation, distention, n/v

146
Q

right-sided colon cancer

A

iron deficiency anemia, systemic sx

147
Q

pre-eclampsia

A

maternal HTN + proteinuria, can progress to eclampsia (seizures) or HELLP syndrome

148
Q

placental previa

A

placenta implanted over cervical os, common cause of vaginal bleeding during pregnancy

149
Q

maternal hyperglycemia

A

sign of gestational diabetes, associated with increased rates of stillbirth, macrosomia, postnatal hypoglycemia in infant

150
Q

megaloblastic anemia

A

vitamin B12 or folate

151
Q

partial moles

A

dispermy or duplication of paternal chromosomes –> triploid genome

152
Q

antibiotic use causes disease

A

c diff colitis, vaginal candidiasis

153
Q

prevent neonatal tetanus

A

vaccinate mom with tetanus toxoid –> mom transfers protective IgG antitoxin across placenta –> no risk for infxn of umbilical cord stump

154
Q

tetanus

A

skeletal muscle spasms and rigidity

155
Q

prevent neonatal disease

A

immunize mom, not baby, give baby passive immunity, neonate immune system can’t mount proper response to vaccine

156
Q

peripartal antibiotics

A

only for GBS, HIV

157
Q

passive immunity to infants

A

IgA mucosal antibodies from breast feeding

158
Q

meniere’s disease

A

disorder of inner ear, defective endolymph resorption –> increased endolymph volume and pressure in vestibular apartus –> distention of endolymphatic system –> damage to vestibular and cochlear components of inner ear –> tinnitus, vertigo, sensorineural hearing loss, NL Rinne test, Weber test: healthy side

159
Q

rinne test

A

nl = air conduction superior to bone conduction

160
Q

weber test

A

reveals lateralization to healthy side

161
Q

passive aggressive behavior

A

express aggression by passively refusing to meet their needs, act out hostility in non-confrontational manner

162
Q

friedreich’s ataxia

A

spinocerebellar degeneration (predominantly spinal ataxia), loss of dorsal column (position, vibration, sensation), associated with diabetes, HOCM leads to arrhythmias, CHF

163
Q

parkinson’s

A

extrapyramidal hypokinetic movement disorder: tremor, rigidity, akinesia, postural instability

164
Q

ingestion + intestinal attachment

A

salmonella, shigella, EIEC, entamoeba histolytica

165
Q

posterior pituitary

A

oxytocin (stimulates uterine contractions in late pregnancy, facilitates breast milk ejection postpartum), vasopressin/ADH

166
Q

duodenal mucosal cells

A

gastrin, secretin, cck

167
Q

silicosis

A

birefringement silica particles surrounded by fibrous tissue

168
Q

pulmonary asbestosis

A

ferruginous bodies (fusiform or beaded rods, translucent asbestos center, coated with iron-containing proteinaceous material), calcified pleural plaques

169
Q

coal worker’s

A

perilymphatic accumulation of coal dust-laden macrophages = coal macules

170
Q

hypersensitivity pneumonitis

A

inhalation of organic dusts, noncaseating granulomas (berylliosis and hypersensitivity pneumonitis)

171
Q

Dx ZES

A

serum gastrin

172
Q

Dx UC/Crohn’s, screen CRC

A

colonoscopy

173
Q

schilling test

A

detect cause of abnormal B12 absorption (see improvement of B12 absorption after intrinsic factor administration = pernicious anemia)

174
Q

chronic pancreatitis, CT

A

abdominal CT = calcificaiton

175
Q

evaluate chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis

A

liver bx

176
Q

spectrin

A

structural component of RBC membrane, abnormalities –> hereditary spherocytosis (susceptible to hemolysis)

177
Q

DM1

A

T cell infiltration and fibrosis of islets of langerhans

178
Q

ulcerative colitis

A

bloody diarrhea +/- abdominal pain = hallmark; most dangerous complication = megacolon (can lead to performation); low grade fever

179
Q

crohn’s

A

if bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain always present

180
Q

whipple dz

A

rod-shaped bacilli

181
Q

malar rash + pleural effusion in yount pt

A

SLE, circulating immune complex nephritis, most are ANA positive (sensitive test)

182
Q

pauci immune

A

no anti-GBM antibodies or IC deposition

183
Q

rheumatic fever

A

antibodies against streptococci M proteins, in situ immune complexes on the heart (vs. circulating immune complexes for the kidney), affects heart, brain, and joints; occurs after pharyngitis

184
Q

poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis

A

circulating immune complexes (deposit and fix complement), high ASO titers, low C3, anti-DNAase B, 2-3 weeks after upper respiratory or skin infection, occurs even if you treat pharyngitis/skin infxn

185
Q

duodenal ulcers

A

most in duodenal bulb, if unusual (ulcer in distal duodenum or other atypical location, multiple ulcers, ulcers refractory to therapy) = ZES

186
Q

zollinger-ellison syndrome

A

acid inactivates pancreatic and intestinal enzymes –> diarrhea

187
Q

erosive gastritis

A

erosions = do not penetrate muscularis mucosa

188
Q

antral sparing

A

autoimmun egastritis

189
Q

antral predominant

A

h pylori

190
Q

PUD

A

ulcers in duodenal bulb, lesser curvature of stomach

191
Q

trinucleotide repeats/expansion

A

Friedreich’s ataxia, myotonic dystrophy, Huntington’s, fragile X

192
Q

pleiotropy

A

one gene mutation –> affects many organs (ex: Huntington’s)

193
Q

mosaicism occurs in

A

turner’s, klinefelters, down syndrome

194
Q

down syndrome dx

A

karyotyping of fetal cells (screen: AFP)

195
Q

MHC I

A

heavy chain + b microglobulin; combines with antigen in ER; antigen processing in cytoplasm

196
Q

MHC II

A

alpha and beta polypeptide chain

197
Q

TH cells

A

CD4 T cells

198
Q

area postrema

A

contains chemoreceptor trigger zone, dorsal medulla, caudal end of 4th ventricle, fenestrated capillaries allow it to sample chemicals in blood, causes n/v after systemic chemotherapy

199
Q

thalamus

A

sensory and motor

200
Q

dorsal to midbrain

A

3rd ventricle (dorsal to superior and inferior colliculi)

UW Notes (2 decks)

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