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Step Rx incorrect answers > Uworld 1 > Flashcards

Uworld 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

most common way to mess up your long thoracic nerve

A

mastectomy. or any trauma to your axilla

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2
Q

most common reason for a high AFP

A

underestimation of gestational age. do a fetal US

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3
Q

where is AFP made?

A

fetal liver, GI tract, and yolk sac (in early gestation)

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4
Q

Bad things increased AFP is associated with? (3)

A

neural tube defects, anterior abd wall defects, multiple gestations

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5
Q

Decreased aFP associated with?

A

downs

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6
Q

low estriol levels suggest what?

A

placental insufficiency

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7
Q

high bhCG assoc. with what?

A

multiple gestation, hydatidiform mole, chorioCA

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8
Q

Ulcers spare the antrum of the stomach

A

autoimmune

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9
Q

what part of the stomach is H pylori mostly in?

A

antrum!

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10
Q

ulcer in distal duodenum/ multiple ulcers/ ulcers refractory to therapy/ recurrence of ulcers after acid reducing surgery?

A

Z-E syndrome.

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11
Q

gastrinomas mostly found where?

A

pancreas, BUT some are in the duodenum, stomach, or other organs

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12
Q

Are gastrinomas malignant?

A

2/3 of the time, they are.

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13
Q

what does gastrin do?

A

stimulates gastric acid secretion by parietal cells, and increases parietal cell volume

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14
Q
  1. antibodies to parietal cells
  2. pernicious anemia
  3. achlorhydria
A

what triad is seen with autoimmune gastritis?

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15
Q

what do you get an increased risk of in type b chronic gastritis?

A

incr risk of MALToma, ulceration, gastric adenoCA

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16
Q

6 things that can cause an acute erosive gastritis

A
  1. NSAIDS
  2. Burns (curling ulcer)
  3. brain injury (cushing ulcer)
  4. etoh
  5. chemo (both 4 and 5, can’t regenerate cells fast enoguh)
  6. shock (because of decr blood flow)
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17
Q

difference between incidence and prevalence?

A

incidence- number of NEW cases

prevalence- number of TOTAL cases

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18
Q

3 common turner syndrom (X,0) abnormalities

A

lymphedema, coarctation of the aorta, horseshoe kidney

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19
Q

Edwards syndrome

A

trisomy 18, super common.

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20
Q

Patau syndrom

A

trisomy 13, 3rd most common, and sups severe.

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21
Q

small mouth, prominent occiput, low set/ malformed ears rocker-bottom feet.

A

edwards (18)

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22
Q

holoprosencephaly, microcephaly, polydactyly, rocker-bottom feet, cleft palate, absent or malformed nose, =[

A

pateu (13)

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23
Q

47, xXX

A

clinically silent. may have a lower IQ

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24
Q

tall male with gynecomastia, small testes, infertility. no incr risk of stillbirth

A

klinefelter’s

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25
what is heteroplasmy?
the mixature of normal and abnormal mitochondria. because during mitosis, mitochondria are distributed randomly between the daughter cells.
26
What is Leber hereditary optic neuropathy?
leads to bilateral vision loss. mitochondrial syndrome
27
Myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers
myocloic seizures. exercise associated myopathy. mito syndrome
28
mitochondrial encephalomyopahty with lactic acidosis and stroke like episodes (MELAS)
seizures with several stroke like episodes, with residual neurological deficit. muscle weakness. incr. serum lactate (post exercise and at rest). MITO SYNDROME!
29
what is genetic imprinting?
selective inactivation of maternal or paternal alleles. explains diffrences in presentation betwn prader-willi and angelman syndromes
30
how does fragile X genetically propagate?
anticipation. increasing trinucleatide repeats. more repeats, worse the disease
31
differences in severity of autosomal dominant dz?
variable expressivity
32
seizures with several stroke like episodes, with residual neurological deficit. muscle weakness. incr. serum lactate (post exercise and at rest).
mitochondrial encephalomyopahty with lactic acidosis and stroke like episodes (MELAS)
33
leads to bilateral vision loss. mitochondrial syndrome
What is Leber hereditary optic neuropathy?
34
myocloic seizures. exercise associated myopathy. mito syndrome
Myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers
35
spirnolactone mechanism?
aldo receptor antagonist.
36
why do indirect inguinal hernias happen?
failure of the processus vaginalis to obliterate.
37
hypertensive crisis and renal problems? what do you want to use?
fendolopam! because it causes vasodilation in all the big arterial beds. like mesenteric, coronary, and esp. renal (which incr blood flow, incr gfr, incr sodium and water excretion)
38
how does fendolopam work?
pure dopamine 1 receptor agonist! --> receptor activates adenylyl cyclase ---> incr cAMP --> vasodilation!! unlike dopamine, which also activates alpha and beta receptors)
39
1 drug for hypertensive crisis?
nitroprusside! direct arteriole and venous dilator! super fast. has a slight reflex symp activation --> some tachy, and sodium/water retention
40
nitroprusside side effects?
cyanide tox with prolonged use, renal insufficiency.
41
what anti-hypertensive crisis drug can you give to preggers?
hydralazine! arteriolar vasodilator. doesn't improve renal perfusion
42
drug induced liver injury is from?
inhaled anesthetic use (likely halothane)
43
histo: widespread centrilobular necrosis and inflamm of the protal tracts and parenchyma.
fulminant viral or fulminant drug induced hetatitis.
44
why don't you see low albumin in acute hepatic injury?
half life of albumin is 20 days. | seen in chronic, end stage liver dz as remaining hepatocytes have reduced functionality...
45
protection against influenza A
humoral abs agianst hemagglutinin
46
most important local factors influencing coronary blood flow
adenosine, and nitric oxide (endothemium derived relaxation factor)
47
nitric oxide mechanism
released in response to pulsatile stretch and flow stress. soluable guanylate cuclase enzyme is used to increase cGMP and cause SM relaxation.
48
UC associated with what?
Primary SCLEROSING cholangitis
49
dont have CD 55 / 59
paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
50
what is nissl substance?
neuron's RER
51
what is rheumatic fever associated with?
strep throat infec
52
what is post strep GN assoc. with?
either impetigo or strep pharngitis
53
what is statistical power
1-B
54
what does power depend on?
sample size and difference between outcome of groups
55
what is B (beta, stats)?
the probability of committing a type 2 error. (when you fail to reject the null hypothesis when it is truely false)
56
heart problem from SLE?
pericarditis!!
57
how do beta blockers affect the heart?
slow AV conduction, so the delayed conduction through the AV node causes PR interval prolongation
58
side effects of Lithium
hypothyroidism, nephrogenic DI, and can accumulate in pts with renal insufficiency
59
renal failure and toe gangrene/ livedo reticularis after an invasive vascular procedure
atheroemblic renal disease! the debri get pushed from larger arteries into smaller ones causing ischemia
60
what infection can vit A help with?
measles?! whaaaa

Step Rx incorrect answers (10 decks)

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