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1
Q

Primary site of ribosome synthesis and assembly

A

Nucleolus

* all ribosomal RNA except 5S rRNA is transcribed in the nucleolus

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2
Q

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

Etiology

A 
Lithium 
Demeclocycline 
⬆️Ca++
⬇️K+
ADH receptor mutation
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3
Q

Prolonged bleeding following procedures ^ spontaneous hemorrhages into the joints

A

Hemophilia

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4
Q

Riboflavin deficiency

Enzyme impaired?

A

Cofactor in redox reactions

Succinate dehydrogenase

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5
Q

Primary carnitine deficiency (4)

A

Muscle weakness
Cardiomyopathy
Hypoketotic hypoglycemia
⬆️muscle TGS

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6
Q

Brainstem lesions typically result in…

A

Crossed signs
Ipsilateral cranial nerve palsies
Contralateral hemiparesis
Vertigo ^ ataxia

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7
Q

Xeroderma pigmentosum

A

Nucleotide excision repair of DNA

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8
Q

Patients w/aortocavitary fistulas. Doppler will demonstrate:

A

Continuous blood flow from the higher pressure aortic root to the lowest pressure right ventricle.
Continuous murmur

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9
Q

Which substance act in the most similar manner to IgG antibodies to facilitate phagocytosis ?

A

Complement C3b

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10
Q

Ras protein

2 states:

A

Inactive GDP-bound state

Active GTP-bound state

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11
Q

Iron deposition in the kidney

Name ?

A

Hemosiderosis

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12
Q

Iron deposition in the kidney

Name ?

A

Hemosiderosis

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13
Q

PNH triad

A

Hemolytic anemia (hemoglobinuria)
Pancytopenia
Thrombosis at atypical sites

chronic hemolysis can cause Iron deposition in the kidney

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14
Q

PNH

Etiology?

A

Gene defect (PIGA A) that leads to uncontrolled complement-mediated hemolysis

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15
Q

Common peroneal nerve damage presents w/

A

Equinovarus posture

Loss of sensation to the anterolateral leg and dorsum of the foot

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16
Q

Organ supplied by an artery of the foregut ?

The organ itself is not a foregut derivative

A

Spleen: mesoderm

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17
Q

N gonorrhoeae can be cultured on

A

Thayer Martin VCN selective medium

Vanco, colistin, nystatin, TMP

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18
Q

Treatment of absence seizures

A

Ethosuximide: 🚫 R-type Ca++ channel in thalamic neurons

Valproate

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19
Q

Schizoaffective disorder

A

Delusions or hallucinations >= 2 wks in the absence of major depressive or manic episode

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20
Q

Bipolar disorder and major depression w/psychotic features

A

The psychotic symptoms occur exclusively during manic or depressive episodes

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21
Q

Main side effect of thiazolidinediones

A

Fluid retention
⬆️Na++ reabsorption in the renal collecting tubules
Adipose weight gain

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22
Q

Type B dissections

Origin?

A

Left subclavian artery

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23
Q

Diverticulosis

  1. Morphology
  2. Pathogenesis
A
  1. True vs FALSE (no muscularis included)

2. Traction vs PULSION (⬆️intraluminal pressure)

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24
Q

POMC

Produce?

A

Beta endorphins
ACTH
MSH

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25
Cholinesterase inhibitors | Tertiary amines
Physostigmine Galantamine Donepezil Rivastigmine
26
Imparts black color to fat
Osmium tetroxide
27
Flaccid bullae | Mucosa and trunk
Pemphigus vulgaris | Desmosomes
28
Volume of distribution | Formula
Vd (L)= amount of drug given / plasma concentration of drug
29
Drug in the plasma compartment Low Vd Characteristics?
⬆️molecular weight ⬆️plasma protein binding ⬆️charge Hydrophilicity
30
Aromatase deficiency
Female fetus:⬆️androgen, ⬇️estrogen levels | Maternal virilization
31
B1 adrenergic receptors are found in:
Cardiac tissue | Renal juxtaglomerular cells
32
Within the true pelvis the ureters lie:
Anterior to the internal iliac artery Medial to the ovarian vessels The uterine artery crosses over the anterior surface of the ureter 🌉
33
Anterior humerus dislocation
Flattening of deltoid muscle Acromial prominence Loss of sensation over the lat shoulder Axillary nerve injury
34
Ketogenic aminoacids
Lysine | Leucine
35
PDH deficiency
Failure to thrive Lactic acidosis Seizures 🏥:Ketogenic diet
36
Febrile maculopapular rash taht begins on the face and spreads to the trunk ^ extremities
Rubeola (measles) | Rubella (german measles)
37
Febrile maculopapular rash that spreads to the trunk ➕ POSTAURICULAR LYMPHADENOPATHY ?
RUBELLA (GERMAN MEASLES)
38
What is the next step if there is suspicious for child abuse ?
Ask permission to interview the child alone
39
Saphenous vein can be accessed at which site?
Inferolateral to the pubic tubercle
40
GFR is dependent on
Angiotensin II | Mediated efferent arteriolar vasoconstriction in renal art. Stenosis
41
PSGN | most important poor proognostic factor ?
Increased age
42
Effect modification vs confounding
Stratified analysis | With confounding there is usually no significant difference between the strata
43
Cerebellar Hemisphere Lesion
Disdiadochokinesia Limb dysmetria Intention tremor
44
Enzymes that metabolize 6-MP
Xanthine oxidase ^ thiopurine methyltransferase: INACTIVE metabolites HGPRT: active metabolites
45
Acute mitral regurgitation
Afterload ⬇️ Preload ⬆️ LV EF ⬆️
46
⬇️ renal plasma flow | ⬆️ filtration fraction
FF= GFR/RPF | Constriction of the efferent arteriole
47
Mitochondrial diseases
Heteroplasmy
48
DOC for insomnia in elderly
Ramelteon: melatonin agonist Avoid: BZD, antihistamines, sedative antidepressants
49
Muscle that passes through the greater sciatic foramen ?
Piriformis muscle
50
Sciatic foramen is divided into a greater and lesser sciatic foramina by
The sacrospinous ligament
51
Structures runing above and below piriformis nerve ?
Above: sup gluteal vessels, sup gluteal nerve Below: inf gluteal vessels, internal pudendal vessels, sciatic nerve
52
Scurvy in children
Hemorrhages Bone deformities Subperiosteal and joint hematomas
53
Pyelonephritis
Hematura w/ casts | WBC casts
54
Tertiary syphilis
Vasa vasorum endarteritis and obliteration | Thoracic aortic aneurysm
55
Panic attack | In a young healthy patient
``` Chest pain Tachycardia Sweating Shortness of breath Tremulousness NORMAL EKG ```
56
Colchicine
2nd line agent to treat acute gouty arthritis | Prevent tubulin polymerization into microtubules
57
Dopamine
D1 renal Blood flow B1⬆️ ♥️ contractility A1 vasoconstriction
58
Methylphenidate
⬇️ appetite, weight loss
59
Coumarin ^ warfarin toxicity
IV FRESH FROZEN PLASMA
60
Aplastic anemia | Pathogenesis
Bone marrow failure due to hematopoietic stem cell deficiency (CD34) Pancytopenia + absence of splenomegaly
61
Drug that inhibit primary active transport ?
Omeprazole
62
Primary active transport ?
Na/K ATPase H/K ATPase Ca ATPase
63
Most common benign vascular tumors in adults
Cherry hemangiomas
64
Drug that can precipitate withdrawal in opioid-tolerant patients w/chronic pain?
Buprenorphine | Partial opioid agonist w/ low intrinsic activity
65
Cough reflex impaired by ?
Foreign bodies lodged in the piriform recess
66
Vessels w/highest burden of atherosclerosis?
Lower abdominal aorta | Coronary arteries
67
Cholesteatoma
Squamous cell debris
68
Acute macular degeneration | Wet AMD
VEGF INHIBITORS: Ranibizumab, bevacizumab
69
Side effects of corticosteroids on immune system?
Neutrophilia
70
Rabies Reservoir? Vaccine ?
Bats | Inactivated vaccine
71
Changes after administration of T3 in a hypothiroid patient ?
⬇️TSH ⬆️T3 ⬇️T3r ⬇️T4
72
HORMONE SENSITIVE LIPASE
Enzyme found in adipose tissue that catalyzes the mobilization of stored TGS into: Free fatty acids ➡️ ketones Glycerol ➡️ glucose
73
Treatment-resistant schizophrenia ?
Clozapine
74
Garlic odor, pesticides/insecticides, abdominal pain , QT prolongation, watery diarrhea
Arsenic poisoning | Dimercaprol
75
GLUT responsive to insulin ?
GLUT 4 : skeletal muscle ^ adipose tissue
76
Nicotinic (diplopia, disphagia) muscarinic blockade (dry mouth)
Strongly suggestive of food poisoning w/ Clostridium botulinum toxin
77
Telomerase
Reverse transcriptase | Add TTAGGG repeats to the 3' end of chromosomes
78
Anaplastic tumors | Features ?
1. Loss of cell polarity 2. Giant, multinucleated tumors cells 3. Abnormal mitotic figures 4. Cellular ^ nuclear pleomorphism 5. High nucleus to cytoplasm ratio
79
Fibrates (gemfibrozil) should be avoided in patients w/?
Gallstones
80
Patophysiology of acne ? (4)
1. Sebum production 2. Folicular epidermal hyperproliferation 3. P. Acnes 4. Inflammation
81
Significant first dose hypotension in patients w/ volume depletion (diuretics) or heart failure. Drug ?
ACE inhibitors
82
Gastric bypass cause small inyestinal bacterial overgrowth. | Causes?
⬇️vit A, B12, D, E, Zn | ⬆️Folic acid, vit K
83
Romberg test is a test of?
Proprioception
84
Organic acidemia
Lipids: Odd chain fatty acids, cholesterol AA: Valine, methionine, isoleucine, threonine Pyrimidine: uracil, thymidine
85
ADHD | Treatment ?
Stimulant drugs Methylphenidate ⬆️release of D and NE
86
Tibial nerve sensory loss?
Over the sole
87
Part of the nephron impermeable to water?
Ascending limb of the loop of Henle
88
Haloperidol, fluphenazine | Side effects ?
Akathisia Acute dystonia Parkinsonism
89
Sotalol | Adverse effect ?
Torsades de pointes QT prolongation Excessive B blockade
90
Paralysis of the stapedius muscle produces hyperacusis. | CN injured ?
Facial
91
Tetrahydrobiopterin is a cofactor in the synthesis of ?
Serotonin Tyrosine DOPA
92
Neuro (gait disturbance, parkinsonism, dysarthria) Hepatic (ALF, chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis) Psychiatric (depression, personality changes) ⬇️ CERULOPLASMIN
Wilson disease | Treatment: D-penicillamine, Zn
93
``` Febrile neutropenia (n<500) Microorganisms ```
Aspergillus | Candida spp
94
Most common indicator of obesity-related restrictive lung disease ?
⬇️ expiratory reserve volume ERV
95
Causes of angioedema ?
Mast cell activation (+pruritus/urticaria)➡️Type 1 hypersens. Reaction, mast cell activation Excess bradykinin (NO pruritus/urticaria)➡️ACEI, C1 inhib deficiency
96
Multiple myeloma
``` Fatigability Constipation (⬆️Ca++) Bone pain ⬆️ serum protein Renal failure ```
97
Hox gene code for ?
TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS
98
Irreversibly inhibits COX-1 ^ COX-2
ASPIRIN
99
Lynch syndrome | Gene ?
MSH2, MLH1, MSH6, PMS2
100
Abdominal aortic aneurysm | Pathology?
Chronic transmural inflammation

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