UWorld Charts

Question 1

Physiologic age-related cardiovascular changes

Answer 1

Aortic stiffening
mild concentric LVH
Conduction cell degeneration
Reduced baroreceptor sensitivity and adrenergic responsiveness

Question 2

Aging on Liver
Anatomic Changes

Answer 2

Decreased liver size d/t decreased hepatic perfusion

Question 3

Aging on Liver
Physiologic changes

Answer 3

Decreased regenerative capacity
decreased activity of cytochrome P450
Decreased protein synthesis

Question 4

Aging on Liver
Histo changes

Answer 4

Increased hepatocyte size
Increased polyploidy
accumulation of lipofuscin (brown atrophy)

Question 5

Gap junction

Answer 5

connexins

Question 6

Tight junction

Answer 6

Claudins, occludin

Question 7

Adherens junction

Answer 7

cadherins

Question 8

Desmosomes

Answer 8

Cadherins (desmogleins, desmoplakin)

Question 9

Hemidesmosomes

Answer 9

integrins

Question 10

Type 1 collagen

Answer 10

Skin, bone, tendons, ligaments, dentin, cornea, blood vessels, scar tissue

Question 11

Type 2 collagen

Answer 11

cartilage, vitreous humor, nucleus pulposus

Question 12

Type 3 Collagen

Answer 12

Skin, lungs, intestines, blood vessels, bone marrow, lymphatics, granulation tissue

Question 13

Type 4 collagen

Answer 13

Basement Membrane

Question 14

Helicase

Answer 14

unwinding of double helix

Question 15

DNA gyrase (topoisomerase 2)

Answer 15

Removal of supercoils

Question 16

Single stranded DNA binding protein

Answer 16

Stabilization of unwound template strands

Question 17

Primase (RNA polymerase)

Answer 17

Synthesis of RNA primer

Question 18

DNA Polymerase 3

Answer 18

DNA Synthesis (5’->3’ polymerase activity)
Proofreading (3’->5’ exonuclease activity)

Question 19

DNA Polymerase 1

Answer 19

Same as DNA polymerase 3
Removal of RNA Primer (5’->3’ exonuclease activity) and replacement with DNA

Question 20

DNA ligase

Answer 20

Joining okazaki fragments (lagging strand)

Question 21

Tetracyclines, flouroquinolones
Resistance

Answer 21

Increased drug efflux pump
(new membrane transport system)

Question 22

Penicillins, cephalosporins
Resistance

Answer 22

Drug inactivating enzyme
(beta-lactamase)

Question 23

Aminoglycosides
Resistance

Answer 23

Drug-inactivating enzyme
(acetyltransferase)

Question 24

Penicillins, flouroquinolones
Resistance

Answer 24

Decreased drug uptake
(mutated porin protein)

Question 25

Penicillins Resistance

Answer 25

Modified drug target (altered penicillin-binding protein)

Question 26

Aminoglycosides, macrolides Resistance

Answer 26

Modified drug target (Altered ribosomal protein)

Question 27

Flouroquinolones resistance

Answer 27

Modified drug target Altered DNA gyrase

Question 28

Drugs for neuropathic pain

Answer 28

TCA, SNRIs Anticonvulsants Opioids Capsaicin (topical) Lidocaine (topical)

Question 29

Ectoderm

Answer 29

Surface ectoderm Neural tube Neural crest

Question 30

Surface extoderm

Answer 30

anterior pituitary (Rathke pouch) Lens and cornea inner ear sensory organs, olfactory epithelium Nasal and oral epithelial linings, salivary glands Epidermis, sweat and mammary glands

Question 31

Neural tube

Answer 31

brain and spinal cord posterior pituitary, pineal gland Retina

Question 32

Neural crest

Answer 32

Neural ganglia, adrenal medulla schwann cells, pia and arachnoid mater aorticopulmonary septum and endocardial cushions Branchial arches (bones and cartilage) skull bones melanocytes

Question 33

Mesoderm

Answer 33

Muscles, connective tissue, bone and cartilage serosal linings (peritoneum) Cardiovascular and lymphatic system spleen and hemopoietic cells kidney and ureters, internal genitalia adrenal cortex

Question 34

Endoderm

Answer 34

GI tract, Liver, pancreas Lungs thymus, parathyroids, thyroid follicular cells middle ear epithelium bladder and urethra parafollicular (C) cells