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UWorld > UWorld Incorrects > Flashcards

UWorld Incorrects Flashcards

1
Q

Vertebral level common iliac veins join the IVC

A

L4-5

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2
Q

Vertebral level of Renal A. and V.

A

L1

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3
Q

3 major RF for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

A
  • Age > 65
  • Smoking (15x increase)
  • Male
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4
Q

3 transplant rejection types, onset time, etiology, and morphology

A
  1. Hyperacute: min-hrs / preformed Ab’s / arterial fibrinoid necrosis and capillary thrombotic occlusion
  2. Acute: <6 months / naive cell mediated / lymphocytic infiltrate and endothelitis
  3. Chronic: months-years / humoral & progressive / obliterative vascular wall thickening, interstitial fibrosis, and parenchymal atrophy
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5
Q

Increased Fructose-2,6-Bisphosphate leads to increase in what biochemical process?

A
  • Increased PFK-1 activity –> Increased glycolysis

- Decreased Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphatase activity –> Decreased gluconeogenesis

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6
Q

List: Nephritic vs Nephrotic vs Both

A
  • Nephritic: PSGN, RPGN, IgA Nephropathy, Alport
  • Both: DPGN, MPGN
  • Nephrotic: FSGS, MCD, Membranous Nephropathy, Diabetic Glomerulopathy, Amyloidosis
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7
Q

IgA nephropathy sxs

A
  • Gross hematuria spontaneously or 5-7 days post URI

- Normal complement level (unlike other nephritics because IgA does not attract complement as well as IgM and IgG)

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8
Q

Most likely affected location of hematogenous osteomyelitis?

A

-Metaphysis of long bones because of slower blood flow and capillary fenestrate in this region
(hematogenous osteomyelitis most likely in children)

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9
Q

Golgi Tendon Organs are sensitive to what? insensitive to what?

A

-Sensitive to muscle tension, but relatively insensitive to passive muscle stretch.
(GTO system function is to monitor and maintain muscle force. Also inhibits motor neuron in cases of too much contraction due to possible injury)

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10
Q

What cell releases EPO and where is it located?

A

-Peritubular fibroblasts in the renal cortex

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11
Q

What is the Vitamin precursor to FAD?

A

Riboflavin (B2)

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12
Q

In what reaction is FAD used in the TCA cycle?

A
  • It is reduced to FADH2 in the conversion of Succinate to Fumarate by Succinate dehydrogenase.
  • Reduced availability of FAD in chronic alcoholics.
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13
Q

Define Dysruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder

A
  • Onset must be <10 yrs old
  • Verbal or physical outburst common
  • Must have persistent anger or irritability between outbursts
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14
Q

Define Intermittent Explosive Disorder

A

-Recurrent episodes of explosive verbal or physical aggression that are impulsive and out of proportion to provocation

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15
Q

Opiod OD antidote and what receptor does it act on?

A

-Naloxone on mu-opiod receptor with greatest affinity (although it does bind mu, kappa, and delta)

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16
Q

Major virulence factor of H. influenza (specific molecule)

A

-Polyribosylribitol phosphate on its polysaccharide capsule. -PRP binds Factor H which normally prevents C3b binding to host cells.

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17
Q

Indication, MoA, and SE of Finasteride and Dutasteride

A
  • Indication: BPH
  • MoA: 5-alpha reductase inhibitors, block Testosterone to DHT
  • SE: T buildup converted to estrogens by aromatase, causing gynecomastia
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18
Q

At what brain level and near what anatomical landmark does the Trigeminal nerve exit?

A

-Trigeminal nerve (V) exits the brainstem at the lateral aspect of the mid pons. A good landmark for this location is the Middle Cerebral Peduncles.

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19
Q

Infarction of the anterior medial pons results in what sequelae?

A
  • Contralateral hemiparesis (Corticospinal tract)

- Contralteral Lower facial palsy and Dysarthria (Corticobulbar tract)

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20
Q

Most common cause of Unilateral Fetal Hydronephrosis

A

-Narrowing (failure to canalize) or kinking of ureter at the Ureteropelvic Junction

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21
Q

What is a muscular cause of chronic constipation?

A
  • Dyssynergic defecation is the uncoordinated or absence of relaxation between one or more of the 3 muscles required for normal physiologic defecation.
  • Internal anal sphincter, External anal sphincter, and puborectalis muscles
22
Q

3 functions of IL-4 in lymphocyte function. (1 T and 2 B functions)

A

-Stimulates Th2 & B cell proliferation –> facilitates IgE isotype switching

23
Q

Tay-Sachs: PoI, Enzyme deficiency, Accumulation product, and Key Clinical features

A
  • PoI: AR
  • Enzyme: Beta-Hexosaminadase A
  • Accumulation product: GM2 ganglioside
  • Clinical: Cherry red spot, neurodegeneration, macrocephaly, NO Hepatosplenomegaly (in Niemann-Pick)
24
Q

4 Diagnostic features of Acute mesenteric Ischemia

A
  • increased serum lactate
  • increased serum LDH
  • Leukocytosis
  • Intestinal wall thickening on CT
25
Q

Equation for calculating RBF using PAH and Hct

A

RBF =

[urine PAH] x urine flow rate / [plasma PAH]) / (1 -Hct

26
Q

Where are the deposits located in PSGN and what do they look like with IF?

A

SubEPIthelium, IF = granular

27
Q

Fetal blood circulation pathway

A

-Placenta –> Umbilical vein –> Ductus Venosus –> IVC –> RA –> LA or RV –> Pulm art –> Ductus Arteriosus or Pulm circulation –> descending aorta –> tissues –> umbilical arteries –> placenta

28
Q

What are the time cut offs for Acute Stress Disorder? PTSD?

A

-ASD –> >= 3 days & =< 1 moth

29
Q

When does neural tube close?

When do defects result from delay of closure?

A
  • 3rd week

- 4th week

30
Q

What bipolar or epileptic medication provides significant risk of NTD if taken in the first trimester?

A

-Valproate

31
Q

Where in the female reproductive tract (vagina through ovaries) can you find simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

-Ovaries

32
Q

Function of the obturator muscle and sensory innervation area

A
  • ADduction of thigh

- Distal medial thigh

33
Q

What is the term to describe a disorder that presents with multiple different phenotypic manifestations as a result of a single genetic mutation?

A

-Pleiotropy (most genetic syndromes exhibit pleiotropy)

34
Q

Which disorder presents with skeletal abnormality, lens dislocation, vascular thromboses, intellectual defecits, and a genetic mutation in an enzyme?
What enzyme?

A
  • Homocystinuria

- Defect in cystathionine beta synthase

35
Q

What is the term to describe a disorder that can be caused by mutations in multiple different genes?
Example of disorder and mutated genes?

A
  • Locus Heterogeneity

- ex is familial hypercholesterolemia due to mutation in LDL-receptor or apo B-100.

36
Q

Symptoms of a ACA stroke?

MCA stroke?

A
  • Contralateral LE weakness and UMN lesion symptoms

- Contralateral UE weakness, homonymous hemianopia, aphasia, hemineglect

37
Q

Use of Sevelamer?

MoA?

A
  • Hyperphosphatemia (can be do to CKD)

- Binds phosphate in the intestine and reduces absorption

38
Q

3 body tissues in which lipophilic drug perfusion has delayed onset because of relatively lower blood flow

A

-Skeletal muscle, fat, bone

39
Q

Where are fatty acids usually oxidized?

Where are VLFA and Branched chain FA oxidized?

A
  • Mitochondria

- Peroxisomes

40
Q

Zellweger Syndrome

A
  • Defective peroxismal biogenesis
  • Clinical: craniofacial abnormalities, hepatomegaly, neurologic defects
  • Prog: Death within months presentation
41
Q

Which cytokine promotes Ig isotype switching to IgE?

To IgA?

A
  • IL-4

- IL-5

42
Q

Precautions before giving clorpheniramine.

A
  • H1 receptor antag

- Causes sedation; don’t give with other CNA depressants

43
Q

CN reflexes afferent and efferent nerves:

  • Pupillary
  • Corneal
  • Jaw jerk
  • Vestibuloocular
  • Carotid sinus
  • Cough
  • Gag
A
  • Pupillary: Afferent = CN2 / Efferent = CN3
  • Corneal: Afferent = CNV1 / Efferent = CNVII
  • Jaw jerk: Afferent = CNV3 / Efferent = CNV3
  • Vestibuloocular: Afferent = CNVIII / Efferent = III, IV, VI
  • Carotid Sinus: Afferent = IX / Efferent = X
  • Cough: Afferent = X / Efferent = X
  • Gag: Afferent = IX / Efferent = X
44
Q

Rifampin MoA & SE

A
  • Inhibit DNA-dependent RNA pol

- Red-orange body fluids

45
Q

Isoniazid MoA & SE

A
  • Inhibit mycolic acid synthesis

- Neurotoxicity (give B6) and Hepatotoxicity

46
Q

Pyrazinaminde SE

A

-Hepatotoxicity and hyperuricemia

47
Q

Ethambutol MoA & SE

A
  • Inhibition of arabinosyl transferase

- Optic neuropathy

48
Q

Fluoroquinolones MoA

A

-Inhibit DNA gyrase (topoisomerase)

49
Q

Abtx that act on 50s subunit:

On 30s subunit:

A
  • Chloramphenicol, Clindamycin, Linezolid, Macrolides

- Tetracycline, Docycycline, Aminoglycosides

50
Q

Abacavir Hypersensitivity Reaction is associated with what allele

A

-HLA-B*57:01

51
Q

Vancomycin MoA

A

-Inhibits integration of peptidoglycans

UWorld (4 decks)

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