Uworld - Renal II

Question 1

confounding

Answer 1

part of exposure-disease relationship can be explained by another variable

Question 2

lead-time bias

Answer 2

prolong of survival in patient who underwent screening test

-allowing earlier diagnosis - but did not improve diagnosis

Question 3

recall bias

Answer 3

inaccurate patient recall of past exposure

Question 4

selection bias

Answer 4

subject selected for study or from selective losses during follow up

Question 5

ANG II vasc effect

Answer 5

constrict efferent arteriole

-maintain GFR

Question 6

ACE Is vasc

Answer 6

promote efferent arteriole dilation

-GFR decrease

Question 7

observer bias

Answer 7

investigator decision affected by prior knowledge

Question 8

renal artery stenosis

Answer 8

activate RAAS

-get HTN

Question 9

kidney disease with renal artery stenosis

Answer 9

only if B/L

unilateral can filter toxins

Question 10

JG cells

Answer 10

modified smooth m cells
-synthesize renin

in afferent arteriole

Question 11

chronic renal hypoperfusion

Answer 11

see hypertrophy and hyperplasia of JG cells

Question 12

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Answer 12

macula densa
JG cells
mesangial cells

Question 13

macula densa

Answer 13

monitor salt content and tubular flow rate

Question 14

tx of BPH

Answer 14

benign prostatic HYPERPLASIA

alpha-adrenergic blocker - relax smooth m bladder neck

5 a-reductase inhibitor - reduced T > DHT

Question 15

MOA 5-a reductase inhibitors

Answer 15

reduced T > DHT

Question 16

creatinine

Answer 16

overestimate of GFR - moderate secretion by renal tubules

Question 17

glucose, sodium, and urea

Answer 17

net tubular reabsorption

Question 18

inulin and mannitol

Answer 18

no tubular reabsorption/secretion

-estimate GFR

Question 19

bezold jarisch reflex

Answer 19

hypotension and bradycardia

can occur when initiate ACE I therapy

Question 20

urine from umbilicus

Answer 20

allantois - connect UG sinus with yolk sac
-becomes urachus

patent urachus gives these sx

Question 21

meckel diverticulum

Answer 21

incomplete obliteration - vitelline duct

persistent yolk sac

Question 22

omphalocele

Answer 22

incomplete closure anterior abdomen

viscera COVERED

Question 23

gastroschisis

Answer 23

inadequate large peritoneal cavity fetal life
-viscera out of abdomen

viscera NOT COVERED

Question 24

hypospadius

Answer 24

opening ventral surface of penis

-downward curving penis

Question 25

mannitol

Answer 25

osmotic diuretic tx for pulmonary edema reduces edema and ICP with cerebral edema

Question 26

bumetanide

Answer 26

loop diuretic inhibit Na/K/2Cl cotransporter - ascending loop henle

Question 27

lytes with thiazide

Answer 27

hypoK | hypoMg

Question 28

lytes with loop diuretic

Answer 28

hypoK hypoMg hypoCa

Question 29

lytes with aldosterone antagonist

Answer 29

hyperK

Question 30

spironolactone

Answer 30

aldosterone antagonist mild diuretic K sparing

Question 31

adverse aldosterone antagonist

Answer 31

gynecomastia, ED, loss libido

Question 32

triamterene

Answer 32

K-sparing | block Na channels - distal tubules and collecting duct

Question 33

rejection minutes to hours with mottling and cyanosis

Answer 33

hyperacute | -preformed Abs

Question 34

6 month rejection

Answer 34

acute exposure to donor antigens -humoral - C4d, neutrophils, necrotizing vasculitis -cellular - lmyphocytes, endothelitis

Question 35

month to year rejection

Answer 35

chronic low grade response of immune system vascular wall thick, lumen narrow, interstitial fibrosis, parenchyma atrophy

Question 36

hypersens type hyperacute rejection

Answer 36

Ab mediated - type II preformed IgG Abs mismatch anti-ABO blood group or anti-HLA

Question 37

graft versus host disease

Answer 37

bone marrow transplant competent donor T cells -to immunocompromised maculopapular eruption - palms, soles, back, neck

Question 38

type I hypersens

Answer 38

IgE - mast cells anaphylaxis, urticaria, asthma, seasonal allergy

Question 39

type III hypersens

Answer 39

IC mediated Ab-Ag in small vessels SLE, PSGN, serum sickness

Question 40

abrupt gross hematuria in sickle cell

Answer 40

renal papillary necrosis with sickle cell trait, DM, analgesis nephropathy, severe obstructive pyelonephritis

Question 41

ACE I adverse

Answer 41

hyperK cough angiodema

Question 42

metoprolol adverse

Answer 42

bradycardia | ED

Question 43

atorvastatin

Answer 43

HMG CoA reductase inhibitor

Question 44

adverse statins

Answer 44

muscle toxic | hepatic dysfxn

Question 45

thiazide

Answer 45

potassium wasting

Question 46

furosemide

Answer 46

loop - K-wasting

Question 47

metformin in renal pt

Answer 47

systemic accumulation lactic acid

Question 48

prazosin

Answer 48

a1 antagonist - tx for HTN

Question 49

complement - vasodilation/shock

Answer 49

C3a and C5a

Question 50

complement cell lysis

Answer 50

C5b-9 - MAC