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Uzem Flashcards

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1
Q

Who was the founder of the Ottoman dynasty?

A

Osman

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2
Q

Where did the Ottomans emerge in the 13th century?

A

Western Asia Minor

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3
Q

What event led to the emergence of Turcoman principalities?

A

The Mongol destruction of the Anatolian Seljukid State in 1243

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4
Q

What kind of empire did the Ottomans build?

A

A multi-ethnic, cultural, and multi-religious empire

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5
Q

Which empire was declining during the Ottomans’ rise?

A

Byzantine Empire

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6
Q

Who were the dominant political powers in the Balkans during the 13th century?

A

Serbians and Bulgarians

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7
Q

What year did the Ottomans gain their first European territory?

A

1352

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8
Q

Where was the Ottomans’ first European stronghold?

A

Dardanelles (European side)

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9
Q

Which city did Murad I make the Ottoman capital in 1369?

A

Adrianople (Edirne)

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10
Q

Who ruled from 1362 to 1389?

A

Murad I

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11
Q

How much did Murad I expand Ottoman territory?

A

More than tripled it

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12
Q

Which rivers marked Bayezid I’s expansion limits?

A

Danube and Euphrates

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13
Q

Who ruled after Murad I?

A

Sultan Bayezid I

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14
Q

What battle did the Ottomans win in 1389?

A

First Battle of Kosovo

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15
Q

Who halted Ottoman expansion in 1402?

A

Timur (Timurlenk)

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16
Q

Which battle halted Ottoman expansion in 1402?

A

Battle of Ankara

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17
Q

Who reestablished authority after the defeat in 1402?

A

Çelebi Mehmed

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18
Q

Who captured Thessaloniki in 1430?

A

Murad II

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19
Q

From whom was Thessaloniki captured?

A

The Venetians

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20
Q

Which battles were turning points in 1444 and 1448?

A

Varna and Second Battle of Kosovo

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21
Q

Who conquered Constantinople?

A

Sultan Mehmed II

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22
Q

What year was Constantinople conquered?

A

1453

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23
Q

What title did Mehmed II assume after the conquest?

A

Caesar (heir to Byzantine emperors)

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24
Q

What regions did Mehmed II claim rule over?

A

Balkans, Anatolia, Black Sea, Aegean

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25
Which empire ended with the fall of Constantinople?
Byzantine Empire
26
Who ruled from 1444–46 and 1451–81?
Mehmed II
27
Who defeated the Mamluks in 1516–17?
Sultan Selim I
28
What regions did Selim I add to the empire?
Egypt and Syria
29
Which holy cities came under Ottoman protection after 1517?
Mecca and Medina
30
What title did the sultans adopt after 1517?
Caliph
31
Who was known as Suleyman the Magnificent?
Suleyman I
32
What years did Suleyman I rule?
1520–1566
33
Which territories did Suleyman I conquer?
Iraq and Central Hungary
34
Which city did Suleyman I unsuccessfully besiege in 1529?
Vienna
35
Who were the eastern rivals of the Ottomans?
The Safavids (Iran)
36
What was the main western concern for the Ottomans?
Dominance in Hungary
37
Which European power did the Ottomans ally with?
France
38
Why did the Ottomans ally with France?
To counter the Habsburgs
39
Who ruled after Suleyman I?
Selim II
40
Which island did Selim II capture?
Cyprus
41
From whom was Cyprus captured?
The Venetians
42
Why was Cyprus important?
It made the Ottomans a Mediterranean superpower
43
Which North African territory was captured in 1574?
Tunisia
44
When was Tunisia captured?
1574
45
When was Hungary conquered again?
1660–1664
46
When was Crete captured?
1669
47
Which modern country includes Podolia?
Ukraine
48
When was Podolia captured?
1672
49
How large was the Ottoman Empire at its height?
About 3.8 million square kilometres
50
From where to where did the empire stretch?
Hungary to Yemen, Algeria to Iraq
51
Which siege failed in 1683?
Second Siege of Vienna
52
Who led the siege of Vienna in 1683?
Kara Mustapha Pasha
53
Which treaty marked major Ottoman losses in 1699?
Treaty of Karlowitz
54
Which powers formed the coalition against the Ottomans in 1699?
Habsburgs, Poland, Lithuania, Venice, Papacy, Russia
55
What was lost in the Treaty of Karlowitz?
Most of historic Hungary
56
Until when did the Ottomans control the Balkans?
Late 19th century
57
What major revolution followed this decline period?
The French Revolution
58
Which regions remained under Ottoman rule in the 18th century?
Balkans, Anatolia, Arab world
59
Which sea islands did the Ottomans control?
Mediterranean and Aegean
60
What is modern-day Ottoman Anatolia?
Turkey
61
Which Arab regions were Ottoman territories?
Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq, etc.
62
Which North African territories belonged to the Ottomans?
Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria
63
What was the dominant religion in Asiatic provinces?
Islam
64
What were the major ethnic groups in Asiatic provinces?
Turks, Arabs, Kurds
65
What were the religious minorities in Asiatic provinces?
Christians and Jews
66
What was the majority religion in the Balkans?
Christianity
67
Who were the Muslim minorities in the Balkans?
Bosnians, Albanians, Pomaks, Turks
68
Who were the Pomaks?
Muslim Bulgarians
69
Who were the Vlahs?
Christian ethnic group in the Balkans
70
What made the Ottoman Empire multi-religious?
Diverse population and tolerance policies
71
How did Ottomans administer religious groups?
Through autonomy and millet systems
72
What was the Ottoman policy toward non-Muslims?
Allowed religious autonomy under Ottoman rule
73
Why was the title 'Caliph' significant?
Gave religious legitimacy over the Islamic world
74
What helped Ottoman longevity?
Strong military, diplomacy, administration
75
What role did the Balkans play?
Strategic and economic importance
76
What were the main sea routes under Ottoman control?
Eastern Mediterranean and Aegean
77
What was the significance of 1453?
Fall of Constantinople
78
What was the Ottoman Empire’s position in the 18th century?
Still large but declining
79
Why did Ottoman expansion slow after 1683?
Military defeats and stronger European coalitions
80
How did geography help Ottoman growth?
Bridged Europe and Asia
81
What empires did the Ottomans challenge?
Byzantine, Mamluk, Safavid, Habsburg
82
Why did European states unite against the Ottomans?
To halt expansion into Europe
83
What internal issues weakened the Ottomans?
Succession disputes, revolts
84
How did the Caliphate help Ottoman power?
Enhanced spiritual leadership and unity
85
What was a unique strength of the Ottomans?
Balancing diversity through decentralized rule
86
What foreign alliance showed Ottoman pragmatism?
Alliance with France against Austria
87
What was the goal of the 1683 siege of Vienna?
Conquer Central Europe
88
Why was Constantinople’s conquest pivotal?
Ended the Byzantine Empire
89
What is the significance of Mehmed II?
Conqueror of Constantinople and empire builder
90
What is Suleyman I known for?
Vast territorial expansion and legal reform
91
Why did Ottomans lose Hungary?
European military coalitions
92
What was the Treaty of Karlowitz?
Treaty ending Ottoman control over Hungary
93
What were the Ottomans’ economic strengths?
Trade routes, agriculture, and resource control
94
What major defeat preceded Ottoman decline?
Battle of Vienna (1683)
95
How did the Ottoman Empire manage diversity?
Through local governance and religious tolerance
96
Why was Tunisia strategically important?
Strengthened Ottoman hold in North Africa
97
Who was known as 'Selim the Grim'?
Selim I
98
Who captured Egypt and Syria for the empire?
Selim I
99
Who expanded the empire the most?
Suleyman the Magnificent
100
What legacy did the Ottoman Empire leave?
A diverse, long-lasting empire influencing Europe, Asia, and the Middle East

Uzem (4 decks)

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