V300 Essentials: Pharmacology for Independent Prescribers Flashcards
(15 cards)
What are the four phases of pharmacokinetics?
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion (ADME)
What is bioavailability?
The proportion of a drug that enters systemic circulation intact after administration.
What is a half-life (T½)?
Time it takes for the concentration of a drug in plasma to reduce by half.
What does a ‘narrow therapeutic index’ mean?
Small margin between therapeutic and toxic dose - requires careful monitoring
(e.g. warfarin, digoxin).
What class of drug is ramipril and what is its mechanism?
ACE inhibitor; blocks conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, lowering blood pressure.
Name a side effect of beta-blockers.
Bradycardia, fatigue, cold extremities, worsening of asthma.
What is salbutamol and how does it work?
Short-acting beta2-agonist (SABA); relaxes bronchial smooth muscle.
What is a common side effect of inhaled corticosteroids like beclomethasone?
Oral thrush; advise patient to rinse mouth after use.
What is the mechanism of action of metformin?
Reduces hepatic glucose production and increases insulin sensitivity.
When is metformin contraindicated?
Renal impairment (eGFR <30 ml/min), risk of lactic acidosis.
What is the Yellow Card Scheme?
A UK system for reporting suspected adverse drug reactions (MHRA).
Name a drug that requires therapeutic drug monitoring.
Lithium, warfarin, digoxin, phenytoin.
What should you check before prescribing an antibiotic?
Allergy history, indication, culture results if available, local antimicrobial guidelines.
Why are elderly patients at higher risk of ADRs?
Reduced renal/hepatic function, polypharmacy, altered pharmacokinetics.
What pregnancy category is paracetamol?
Generally considered safe throughout pregnancy (Category A in UK).
