Vaccination Flashcards
Jenner’s vaccine
Non-disease causing bovine viruses used as vaccine
Attenuated viruses can be made when human viruses…
adapt to non-human cells
Steps to making attenuated virus
- Isolate human virus from cells
- Grow human virus in monkey cell
- Virus mutates to adapt to new cells
- Virus don’t grow so good in human cells anymore = vaccine
Active immunity
the development of antibodies in response to injected foreign antigen(s)
Passive immunity
2 examples?
Pre-formed antibodies can be removed from a donor and transferred into a recipient, where it provides immediate protection
- Ig transfer into X-linked agammaglobulinemia
- Injection of anti-HBV Ig into neonates from SAg(+) moms
Rota schedule
3 doses: 2, 4, 6 months
Varicella schedule
1st dose = 12-15 months
2nd dose = 4-6 years
HPV schedule (just how many doses)
3 dose
Oral Polio Virus schedule
no longer recommended
IPV schedule (only # of doses)
4 doses
HepA is recommended for…
all children
pneumococcal ____ vaccine
Recommended for whom?
conjugate (Prevnar 13)
recommended for:
- children younger than 5
- adults older than 19 with certain medical conditions
What is Pneumovax®?
For whom is it recommended?
23-valent polysaccharide vaccine (PPVSV23)
For:
- Elderly (65 or older)
- Others older than 2 that have high risk (IC pts)
These viruses are recommended only for the immunocompetent
- Measles
- Mumps
- Rubella
- Polio
- Varicella
*all attenuated viruses
Bacterial vaccine types (4)
- BCG vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis: derived from bovine strain; not used in USA
- Live-attenuated vaccine = against Salmonella typhi; made through mutagenesis and selection for loss of LPS necessary for pathogenesis Inactivated toxins (toxoids) used as vaccines: diphtheria toxin or tetanus toxin
- Combination vaccine: multiple vaccines combined in a single vaccine: DTP (Diphtheria Tetanus Pertussis)
- Conjugate vaccine: capsular polysaccharides from encapsulated bacteria (e.g. H. Influenza) are cross-linked to carrier protein (e.g. tetanus toxin protein); carrier proteins induce CD4 T cell response against T-independent antigens. e.g. Haemophilus influenzae type b, meningococcal C and pneumococcal infections
For vaccines…bacterial polysaccharides can not…
**activate T cells **because MHC molecules can not present them
Viral vaccine types and example of each
Killed inactivated vaccine: = poliovirus
Live attenuated vaccine: = chickenpox
Subunit vaccine: =. HBV surface protein antigen
2 functions of adjuvants
- Activate cells (APC, B cells, T cells and tissue cells) through TLRs
- -Activate (or maturate) APC’s
- -Increase expression of co-stimulatory molecules and MHC molecules
- -Induce chemokines to recruit phagocytes
- Sustained release of antigens : Enhance antigen uptake by APC (alum or oil). *Slow release is beneficial.
Benefits of Vaccine Adjuvants
Makes immune response stronger and longer lasting
- Reduces amount of content, frequency, and cost of injection
- Gives the ability to induce reaction in IC patients (elderly, young’ns)
- Stimulates a broader response that leads to long-term protection
5 adjuvants (in use as of 2009)?
Alum - Mineral salt
MF59 & **AS03 **- oil in water emulsion
Virosomes - Liposomes
AS04 - Alum absorbed TLR-4 agonist
Repeated doses of vaccines tend to give greater amounts of _____ that have _______
IgG
Higher affinity
Isotype, affinity, and _somatic hypermutation _of antibodies in unimmunized donor (primary response)
IgM, G, A, E
Low affinity
Low somatic HM
Isotype of AB, affinity, and somatic HM in immunized donor (secondary response)
IgG, A, E
High affinity
High somatic HM
Routes of vaccine
- Injection (most vacines)
- Oral / Nasal (used for some virus vaccines… effectiveness?)
