Vaccination and Immunisation Flashcards Preview

Pharmacology 3001 > Vaccination and Immunisation > Flashcards

Flashcards in Vaccination and Immunisation Deck (17)
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1
Q

What are the three pateur principles?

A
  • Isolate
  • Inactivate
  • Inject
2
Q

What are the essential characteristics of vaccines?

A
  • Must provide effective protection without risk of causing disease or severe side effects
  • Protection should be non-lived
  • Should stimulate correct arm of immune response i.e antibodies or effector T cells
  • Stimulate neutralising antibodies to prevent re-infection
  • Stable for long-term storage and transport
  • Economically afforable for widespread use
3
Q

Main types of vaccine?

A
  • Live
  • Attenuated
  • Recombinant
  • DNA
4
Q

What is an attenuated vaccine?

A
  • Organism is live, but ability to replicate and cause disease reduced by chemical treatment or growth-adaption in non-human cell lines (MMR)
5
Q

What is a recombinant vaccine?

A
  • Genetically engineered to alter critical genes

- Often can infect and replicate but does not induce associated disease

6
Q

What is a DNA vaccine?

A
  • Naked DNA injected
  • Host cells pick up DNA and express pathogen proteins that stimulate immune response
  • Least common
7
Q

What is the most effective type of vaccine?

A
  • Live or attenuated

- The safer the vaccine, the less effective some have beem

8
Q

What age group receives a adjuvanted trivalent vaccine?

A

65 and over

9
Q

What is the adjuvant called that is used in vaccines?

A

MF59 (main ingredient is squalene oil)

10
Q

What are some of the very common side-effects of vaccines?

A
  • Runny or stuffy nose
  • Loss of apetite
  • Feeling generally unwell
  • Headache
    More than 1 in 10
11
Q

What are some of the common side effects of flu vaccines?

A
  • High temperature (fever)
  • Aching muscles
    Up to 1 in 10
12
Q

What are some of the uncommon side effects of vaccines?

A
  • Nose bleeds (it is thought these are unlikely to be caused by the vaccine itself)
  • Rash
  • allergic reactions
13
Q

What are dendritic cells

A
  • Antigen-presenting cells
  • Main function is to process antigen material and present it on the cell surface to the T cells
  • Act as messengers between the innate and the adaptive immune systems
14
Q

What are toll-like receptors?

A
  • Sense things that should not be present in the body
  • Indicators of danger
  • Specifically involved to detect danger signals when there is an infecton present
15
Q

What cells sit at the interface between innate immunity and specific immunity?

A

Dendritic cells

16
Q

What is an adjuvant?

A

Something that is highly irritable to dendritic cells (such as aluminium hydroxide)

17
Q

What does the inculsion of CpG into a HepB or flu vaccine result in?

A

Increased antibody or IFN-y secretion