Vaccinations

Question 1

vaccination

Answer 1

Utilizes two key elements of the adaptive immune

response, Specificity and Memory

Question 2

what do memory cells do

Answer 2

allow the immune system to mount a
much stronger response to a second encounter with
an Ag. Faster and more effective.

Question 3

what do vaccines contain

Answer 3

altered forms of a pathogen or its
toxins which retain antigenicity but are innocuous.
• Subunit
•Killed whole organism
•Attenuated live
•Recombinate
•DNA

Question 4

bacterin

Answer 4

killed bacteria, leptospirosis

Question 5

live bacterial vaccines

Answer 5

strep

Question 6

toxoid

Answer 6

Inactiviated bacterial toxin, e.g.

Clostridium tetani

Question 7

antitoxins

Answer 7

horse or sheep derived serum

tetanus

Question 8

attenuated or modified live

Answer 8

whole organism

Question 9

category I USDA classification

Answer 9

Vaccines that contain inactivated
recombinant organisms or purified
antigens derived from recombinant
organisms.

Question 10

category II USDA classification

Answer 10

Vaccines containing live organisms that
contain gene deletions or heterologous
maker genes.

Question 11

category III USDA classification

Answer 11

Vaccines that contain live expression
vectors expressing heterologous genes for
immunizing antigens or other stimulants

Question 12

category IV USDA classification

Answer 12

Other genetically engineered vaccines

such as polynuceotide vaccines.

Question 13

category 1

Answer 13

•Gene cloning can be used to produce
large quantities of antigen in culture.
•Felv and Lyme disease vaccines
•Results in pure protein antigen but may
be inefficient

Question 14

category 2

Answer 14

•Molecular genetic techniques make it possible to
modify genes of organisms so they become
irreversibly attenuated. (so they can not revert to
virulence and cause disease.)
•Pseudorabies vaccine in pigs an example.

Question 15

category 3

Answer 15

• Genes coding for protein antigens can be cloned directly into a
variety of organisms. The recombinant organism itself can be used as
a vaccine.
• Use of Canarypox-vectored vaccine can over ride the blocking by
maternal antibodies
• FeLV, West Nile, Canine parvo/distemper, equine influenza, and
rabies.

Question 16

category 4

Answer 16

•Another method of vaccination involves injection,
not of a protein antigen, but of DNA that encodes
foreign antigens.

Question 17

CMI

Answer 17

cell mediated immunity

t-cells

Question 18

humoral immunity

Answer 18

b-cells

anitbody

Question 19

MLV vs killed in vaccines

Answer 19

•MLV and genetically engineered vaccines
• Long-lasting immunity
•Complete immunity – Tc cells and B-cells
•CMI and Humoral immunity
• Stimulate memory with a single dose
• Some lifelong (genetically engineered
vaccines)
•Require fewer revaccinations
•Increase reaction issues
•Revert to virulence

Question 20

killed vaccines

Answer 20

• Short – lived systemic immunity
• 2-4 months some longer 1-2 years
• Stimulate primary B-cell => Ab (humoral
immunity) but no CMI (T-cell)
•Require multiple doses
•Booster 2-6 weeks after 1st dose
•May require annual revaccination throughout
animal’s life
•Revaccination = key to immunologic memory
•Adjuvant – stimulate greater response
•May cause adverse reactions
•Injection site granulomas

Question 21

safety of MLV

Answer 21

•Can induce disease (reversion to virulence)
•May cause abortion
•Depressed T-cell function in pregnant
animals
•Reason for development of gene vaccines.

Question 22

safety of killed vaccines

Answer 22

• Does not cause disease

* Safe in pregnant animals

Question 23

safety of live bacterial vaccines

Answer 23

• Can cause disease in humans

* Can cause abscesses without good technique

Question 24

passive immunity

Answer 24

•Results from the transfer of Antibodies from one
individual to another
• Parenteral administration (hyperimmune serums or
antitoxins)
• Oral administration of monoclonal Ab
• Ingestion of Abs in colostrum by the neonate
• Plasma transfusion
• Level and duration of passive immunity is largely
dependent upon the amount of antibodies taken in
•Passive immunity is immediate where Abs are
administered IV/IM; Oral = 2-3 hours.

Question 25

advantage of passive immunity

Answer 25

• Immediate protection against cell-free infections and toxins

Question 26

disadvantage of passive immunity

Answer 26

• Short-lived • Expensive (anti-ser/hyperimmune sera) • Repeated use may lead to anaphylaxis (Immediate Hypersensitivity) • Only involved half the immune response (humoral or Ab)

Question 27

active immunity

Answer 27

• Production of specific Abs by the host in response to antigenic stimulation by the antigens in vaccines from the antenuated pathogenic microorganisms •Killed, attenuated, live, modified live vaccines are all capable of conferring active immunity. • Lag period of 3-10 days occurs between the initial vaccination and the appearance of Abs in serum •Genetic vaccines some are immediately protective.

Question 28

vaccine failure

Answer 28

•Animal incubating disease already • 7-14 days to respond to vaccine • Stress-immunosuppression •Ineffective vaccine • Denatured by heat, UV light, improper administration • State of animal at time of vaccination • Neonate => maternal Ab interference • Genetically engineered vaccines • Pregnant animal => depressed T-cell function • Immunosuppression => BVD virus, Se, Cu deficiency • Older animal •High dose infectious inoculum may overcome immunity •New infectious strain (vaccine not cross-protect); influenza •Vaccine did not stimulate the correct type of immune response • Organism vaccinated for might not be the problem • B-cell =>Ab=>Extracellular organism • T-cell => CMI and Ab => intercellular organism

Question 29

vaccines are simply a?

Answer 29

management tool

Question 30

vaccine schedule

Answer 30

``` • Should be individualized for the animal or group of animals involved •Prevalence of disease. • Exposure to disease •Management considerations ```

Question 31

considerations before vaccination

Answer 31

* Quality of product being used * Post-vaccination complications * Pregnancy status * Colostral interference * State and federal regulations * Serological testing * Influence on regulatory serology * Limited outbreaks; endemic disease

Question 32

common vaccines for viral diseases

Answer 32

``` •Infectious bovine rhinothracheitis(IBR) – upper respiratory, abortion, etc. •Bovine parainfluenza (PI3) – respiratory disease •Bovine respiratory syncytial virus(BRSV) - respiratory disease, interstitial pneumonia Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) •MLV and killed vaccines •Bovine rota and corona virus •Neonatal diarrhea •MLV and killed vaccines •PO to calf; IM to cow •Bovine papilloma virus •Warts •Questionable efficacy (killed vaccine) Rabies •Killed • Eastern/western encephalomyelitis • Vector born • Killed •Rhinopneumonitis • Respiratory, abortion, arteritis • Killed, special one for pregnant horses •Influenza • Respiratory • Killed and MLV •West nile virus • Two types • Killed and recombinant ```

Question 33

bacterial diseases (common vaccines)

Answer 33

• Brucella abortus • Abortion, chronic reproductive or mammary infection • Zoonotic, undulant fever • RB-51, live bacterial vaccine • Must be administered by licensed and accredited Vet. • Leptospirosis • Many serovars • In-apparent infection, abortion, febril disease, chronic renal failure • Zoonotic • Combined bacterins •Colibacillosis • E. coli K-99 pilous Ag. • E. coli 0157:H7 •Diarrhea and/or systemic infection in neonates •Bactrins to pregnant cows •Genecol 99 => oral to calves (monoclonal Ab) •Clostridium spp. •Bactrins, toxoids, bactrin-toxoids, antitoxins •Pasteurellosis • Shipping fever •Bacterins, bacterins-toxins, antisera, and liveavirulent organism vaccines •Haemophilus somnus •Bactrins, combined or monovalent •Campylobactor (vibrio) fetus spp. Venerealis •Abortion •Bacterins, prior to breeding, repeat annually •Moraxella bovis •Pink eye, (Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis) •Killed, effecacy ? •Anaplasma marginale •Vector born hemoparasite •Inactivated organism vaccine in endemic areas • Streptococcus Equi (Strangles) • Live vaccine • Less post-vaccine reaction (IN form) •Potomac horse fever • Ehrlichia risticii •Killed, vaccinate prior to greatest risk • Equine protozoal myelitis (EPM) •Killed •Interfere with serologic testing.

Question 34

companion animal

Answer 34

* DHLPP * DAPPV * Bordatella * Rabies * FVRCPC * Feline Leukemia * Lepto * K-9 influenza * Lyme disease