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BT2001: Biotechnology > Vaccinations from Smallpox to SARS-CoV-2 > Flashcards

Vaccinations from Smallpox to SARS-CoV-2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a ‘Black Swan Event’?

A

Unexpected and causes major disruption
(Covid)

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2
Q

When did zoonotic diseases appear?

A

Animal domestication

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3
Q

How many people did the Smallpox Virus kill between 1877 and 1977?

A

500 million

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4
Q

What type of viral genome does the Smallpox virus have?

A

DNA

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5
Q

What type of viral genome does SARS-CoV-2 have?

A

RNA

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6
Q

When did Smallpox emerge?

A

~8,000 years ago
(hard evidence: 3,000 years ago)

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7
Q

What is another name for Smallpox?

A

The little speckled monster

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8
Q

How much of the Americas indigenous population did Smallpox wipe out?

A

~90%

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9
Q

Where did the first “vaccination” orginate?

A

China
(blowing powdered Smallpox scabs up nose)

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10
Q

Where in the world did the first type of vaccination change to a newer technique?

A

Ottoman Empire
(around Iran and Turkey)

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11
Q

Who is credited with bringing Smallpox vaccination to England?

A

Lady Mary Wortley Montagu

  • Inoculated her children
  • Returned to London & convinced the British royal family to get inoculated too
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12
Q

Who is credited with encouraging Europe to get vaccinated against Smallpox?

A

Catherine the Great

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13
Q

What TWO men were credited with discovering modern vaccination methods against Smallpox?

A

Edward Jenner & Benjamin Jesty

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14
Q

Who was the last person in the world to be diagnosed with natural Smallpox?

A

Ali Maalin

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15
Q

How many viruses make the jump from animal to human each year?

A

30

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16
Q

How many viruses make the jump from animal to human each year?

A

30

17
Q

How many zoonotic viruses survive in their human hosts each year after making the jump from animals?

A

1-2

18
Q

How many types of coronavirus were discovered in the 1960s?

A

7

19
Q

What type of virus is most prevalent in the early autumn, spring and summer?

A

Rhinoviruses

Cause 10-40% of colds

20
Q

What type of virus is most prevalent in the early autumn, spring and summer?

A

Rhinoviruses

Cause 10-40% of colds

21
Q

Which type of virus is most prevalent in the winter and early spring?

A

Coronaviruses

Cause 20% of colds

22
Q

Which type of virus is most prevalent in the winter and early spring?

A

Coronaviruses

Cause 20% of colds

23
Q

Which type of virus is most prevalent in the winter and early spring?

A

Coronaviruses

Cause 20% of colds

24
Q

How many types of viruses cause cold-like symptoms?

A

~200

25
Q

Why can we safely deduce that SARS-CoV-2 did NOT escape from a lab in Wuhan?

A

The virus backbone is too different from other coronaviruses

26
Q

What are some vaccine options?

A
  • Attenuated whole virus
  • Dead virus
  • Recombinant spike protein
  • Viral vector
  • mRNA
27
Q

Which TWO people pioneered the work into mRNA vaccine technology?

A

Katalin Karikó & Drew Wiseman

28
Q

Which TWO people created BioNTech and furthered work into mRNA vaccine technology?

A

Ugur Sahin & Özlem Türeci

29
Q

What chemical base modification to mRNA renders it non-immunogenic?

A

Uracil

30
Q

What problems and issues are encountered when designing an RNA vaccine?

A
  1. Immune response
  2. Manufacture
  3. Delivery
  4. Stability
  5. Safety
31
Q

What THREE factors are needed for delivery and translation of mRNA in vaccines?

A
  1. Dodge the immune system
  2. Crank up the protein
  3. Work where it’s needed
32
Q

How many polypeptide chains does the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein have?

A

3

33
Q

The insertion of how many Prolines are needed to stabilise the spike protein on the SARS-CoV-2 virus?

A

4

34
Q

How is the mRNA delivered into the body?

A

Inside lipid vesicles

35
Q

What temperature does the COVID-19 vaccine have to be stored at?

A

-70°C

BT2001: Biotechnology (10 decks)

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