vaccines Flashcards
(33 cards)
differentiate adaptive and innate immunity
plus give examples of innate immunity like physical and physiological
innate :
- 1st line of defence
- physical like skin or mucus
- physiological like acid, temp
- immediate protection and in place before expose
- non specific , no memory
adaptive
- develops slowly over days
- specific against an antigen
- after exposure
- memory
what do lymphocytes do
produce antibodies/immunoglobulins and they mark pathogens for destruction by other cells of the immune system
describe the process of adaptive immunity
- initial pathogen invasion
= engulfed by dendritic cells
= processes the pathogens into antigens and migrate to the lymph nodes
= antigen presenting cells ( APCs) shows antigens to T cells
= proliferation of activated b and t cells into effector cells and some into memory b and t cells
= effector cells immediately eliminate the pathogen while memory cells provides protection for subsequent exposure
what do plasma b cells produce
and what is the function of whatever they produce
antibodies that bind to antigens to prevent them from entering cells and marking them for destruction by the killer t cells
what happens during second exposure to an antigen
memory cells get activated
= generation of the secondary response
with shorter lag time between exposure and production of response
live vaccine
what it is and
advantages and disadvantaes
live
- virus weakened by passing thru tissue culture which it replicates poorly
- more immunogenic
activates t cells
1-2 doses = lifelong immunity
-ve :
- can replicate in the body and uncontrolled replication could occur = manifestation of th edisease
- cold chain v impt, must be refrigerTED
-less safe for people with weakened immune system
eg hematologic/solid organ malignnacies/ immunosuppresive meds or chemo , hiv w CD<200
- must be spaces apart from other vaccines after 28 days
- must be spaced apart from other antibody containing products eg blood transfusion or immunoglobulins for 2-10 months
- not given to babies bc of mothers antibodies
- cant give to pregnant woman
what is inactivated vaccine and -ve , +ve
what - pathogen treated with heat or chemicals to kill it before intro into the body
POS
- eays to store , low risk of causing infection
neg
- weaker immune response
- may need booster or several doses
what is subunit vaccine and +ve, -ve
for disadvantage think abt the production process of these
what - 1 or more parts of a pathogen such as protein are isolated and used to evoke immune response
pos
- low risk of ar
- can be used for people with weak immune system
neg
- difficult to manufacture
- may need booster
what is toxoid vaccine and +ve , -ve
what - toxin produced by the pathogen is deactivated and used to produce immune response
pos
- cant cause disease oand cant spread
- stable, can distribute easily
neg
- may need booster
what is recombinant vaccine +ve and -ve
vaccines made w genetic engineering
may contain no actual virus or contain modified strain of virus
eg hep b or hpv
live vaccines cant be given to who /precautions
- preg
- infancy
- immunocompromised
eg , solid organ malignancies, hematologic
immunosuppressive meds or chemo
hiv w cd4 < 200 - space apart form another live vaccine for 28 days
- space apart from other antibody containing products for 3-10 months eg immunoglobulins or blood transfusion
what vaccines used for preventing resp/airbone or droplet transmission diseases ( 8 )
- influenza
- pneumococcus
- meningococcus
- diptheria/pertussis
- haemophilus influenzae
- measles , mumps , rubella
- chickenpox
- BCG ( tb )
vaccines given for infections transmitted by food and water
Hep A
typhoid
cholera
rotavirus
vaccines for vector borne transmissions
( mosquitos ) yellow fever japanese encephalitis dengue ' malaria in development
vaccines for blood and body fluids transmitted infections
Hep b
HPV
vaccines for contact transmissions eg bites/cuts
tetanus
rabies
shingles
herd immunity concept
high vaccination rate to prevent people who are not vaccinated due to health conditions
-people who need to be vaccinated to achieve herd immunity depends on how contagious virus is
list vaccines in the national childhood immunisation schedule ( ncis ) 12)
- hep b
- inf - infleunza
- VAR - varicella
- MMR - measles mumps and rubella
- BCG -bacilllus calmette gurein
dTap - diphteria, tetanus, acellular pertussis
Tdap - tetanus reduced diphtheria and acellular pertussis
IPV - inactivated poliovirus
Hib - haemophilius influenzae type b
PCV10 or PCV13 - pneumococcal conjugate
PPSV23- pneumococcal polysaccharide
HPV2 or HPV4 - human papillomavirus
list vaccines in the national adult immunisation schedule 8
Hep b INF MMR VAR Tdap PCV13 PPSV23 HPV2 OR HPV4
is it true that vaccines effectiveness varies by vaccines
true , there may be some non responders
3 factor affecting effectiveness
site given eg hep a/b in detoids not glutes
age and immune status - influenza less effective in 80
cold chain problems
adverse effects of vaccines
mild and common
uncommon
severe and rare
mild and common
- pain @ inj site , headache, myalgia
uncommon
fever, hematoma ( swelling w blood )
severe but rare
- anaphylaxis & hypersensitivity
precautions for vaccines - why not given at this time
mod to severe illness, fever > 38 deg bleeding risk - on anticoags or low platelet count live vaccine during pregnancy live vaccine if immunocompromised ALLERGY - avoid
t/f most vaccines can be given simul without inc adr or reducing efficacy
true
