Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Immunology > Vaccines > Flashcards

Vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main criteria to consider when to vaccinate

A

Disease is commune and difficult to treat (endemic, severe, viral)

Vaccine is effective

Vaccine has low risks (compared to risk of not vaccinating)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 4 main risks of vaccinating

A

Unwanted reactions

Not effective

Misplaced dependence on the vaccine (not 100% effective)

Cost

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is active immunization vs passive immunization

A

Passive is what is seen with colostrum antibody transfer from damn to neonate

Active immunization is deliberately administering antigens to stimulate the animal to produce its own immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the traditional killed vaccine type

A

The live bacteria/virus is cultured and then killed (using formaldehyde, alcohol or alkylating agents) or a toxin is coloured and inactivated

May contain antigens specific to the organism and/or antigens that stimulate pattern recognition receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the effectiveness of traditional killer vaccines, and the advantages or Disadvantages

A

Tend to be less immunogenic (weaker, less complete -doesn’t contain the whole virus, shorter periods of immunity since the virus is not replicating)

No or very litter interferon production

Often contains an adjuvant to increase effectiveness of the vaccine

Increased risk of adverse reactions to the adjuvants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe modified live vaccines

A

Developed in 2 ways:

1) long term culturing on an unusual medium to change it slightly
2) genetic manipulation (deletes virulence factors, makes bacteria antibiotic dependent, alters genetic code)

Live pathogen is Modified greatly to reduce risk of causing disease

Still infects the animal and replicates to stimulate immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the advantages of modified live vaccines

A

The whole pathogen is involved to stimulate strong immunity

Broad immunity (may only require 1 dose for initial vaccination, and contain antigens that non-specifically stimulate the immune system)

Active pattern recognition receptors

Long lasting immunity

Rapid onset of immunity

Less likely to cause adverse reactions (no adjuvant)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the disadvantages of modified live vaccines

A

Possibility of spreading pathogen (vaccinating pregnant dams and it spreads disease to neonate)

Possibility of reversion to a virulent form (mainly older MLV)

May interfere with diagnostic tests (often have an antigen deleted to help differentiate vaccination from the disease -test for deleted antigen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe subunit vaccines

A

Single/small group of antigens amplified by gene cloning (using known major antigen, isolate responsible gene, insert into E.Coli,plant or organism, antigen is excreted into a medium and harvested and purified)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the advantages of sub unit vaccines

A

Minimal risk of disease or developing an infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the disadvantages of sun unit vaccines

A

Antibody response may be weak (protein not appropriately modified, no stimulation of pattern recognition receptors, incorrect presentation to the host, some animals may not respond to it)

Less effective, doesn’t have whole virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe genetically attenuated organisms

A

Like traditional attenuated vaccines (MLV) but not modified by genetic engineering

Attenuation: Targeted: removes damaging parts of the pathogen.
Multiple steps making reversion difficult Rapid, can knock out major antigens (used as a marker for testing)
Commonly used method for MLV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe recombinant vaccines

A

Inserting a part of a pathogen genome into a harmless vector that replicates in the host but does not cause disease (not meant for that species/mammals)

Used the same as a live vaccine, antigens belonging to a pathogen then expressed in the host

Alternatively: can be grown in culture, killed and used as a vaccine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What the two common viruses used as vector for recombinant vaccines, describe why they are chosen

A

Canarypox

Canarypox only partially replicates in mammals (meant for avian cells)

No new competent virus particles produced, large stable genome including code for “virus factories”, easy to insert viral pathogen DNA into, infected cells can express high levels of antigen

No immune response to the Canarypox itself

Vaccinia

Originally developed for control of smallpox, now it is modified to control other diseases (Rabies)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Give two examples of common vectored vaccines

A

West Nile virus:
1) Canarypox vector
2) yellow fever vector
Both give better immunity than killer vaccines and need 2 doses for initial series

FeLV:
1) canarypox vector (not as effective as killer adjuvant)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are polynucleotide vaccines

A

Widely used in Covid 19 vaccines

Very quick development:
Sequence of DNA/RNA of pathogen/gene that codes for antigens is identified and used to mass produce mRNA to copy this gene.
This gene is packaged in a lipid nanoparticle (protects) and is injected into the animal susceptible to the disease. The lipid nanoparticles fuse with cell membranes and the mRNA message directs cells to produce the viral antigens and displays them on cell surfaces. This stimulate an immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the advantages of polynucleotide vaccines

A

Very rapid development

Uses RNA so it cannot change the genetic code of the individual vaccinated (only gives mRNA message to start the mechanism of replication in cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the disadvantages of polynucleotide vaccines

A

Has to be stored at very cold temperatures

Only has one or small group of antigens

The DNA/RNA sequence for the gene must be known

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why may an adjuvant be added to a vaccine

A

To slow down the release of the antigen (gives the immune system time to find it and create a response)

To increase the strength of the immune response

To improve the delivery of the vaccine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe depot adjuvants

A

Creates a slow release

Aluminum salts

Freunds incomplete adjuvant: most common of the two types

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe immunostimulant adjuvants

A

Various killed bacteria/bacterial parts (anaerobic corynebacteria, BCG, lipopolysaccharide)

Sugar polymers, detergents

All stimulate pattern recognition receptors and activate immune cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe delivery system adjuvants

A

Liposomes, ISCOMS, microparticles

Small particles containing antigen, easy to phagocytose and present to the immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe combined adjuvants

A

Freunds complete adjuvant: water-oil emulsion +inactivated mycobacterium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

describe passive immunization

A

Administration of preformed antibody

Performed when the need for antibody is immediate against a serious disease

Less reactions, and much faster response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the two types of passive immunization used (besides collateral antibody)
Equine antisera Hybridoma genetic manipulation
26
Describe equine antisera
Typically used for color riding organisms especially tetanus (rapidly fatal and caused by toxins) Toxoids are denatured (inactivated) toxins used to repeatedly vaccinate horses and the serum is harvested Equine immunoglobulin preparation is called an antiserum or antitoxin Often used in conjunction with traditional vaccination for long lasting immunity
27
Describe the necessary vaccination for tetanus in horses
Antitoxin is used of the horse was not vaccination or vaccinated over a year ago (this provides immediate passive protection and boosts active immunity) Routine vaccination is the best protection
28
Describe passive immunity using Hybridomas
Culture of hybrid cells that results from the fusion of B cells and myeloma cells Monoclonal antibody against E.Coli, rota or coronavirus Raised in a mouse hybridoma Mouse immunoglobulin given orally to calves to protect against scours
29
What are the problems with passive immunity
Antibody often from a different species (immune reaction shortens life and there is a risk of anaphylaxis) May interfere with active immunity Only involves antibodyC not cell mediated immunity
30
As a general re, how do you know how to store vaccines
Read the label
31
What are some tips on what you should do for a vaccine fridge
Date multi use containers Only keep 50% full to allow good airflow Use breathable plastic mesh baskets (label), keep baskets away from other baskets and away from walls Keep vaccines in original box until they are used Keep vaccines with shorter expiration dates to the front of the fridge Place the temperature probe in the middle of the fridge Keep temperature between 2-8 degrees (5 is ideal) Check and log temperature daily
32
What are some things to avoid with a vaccine fridge
Never store food or drinks in the fridge Don’t Place vaccine in solid plastic trays Don’t store vials out of their original packaging don’t put anything in the veggie bins, drawers or on the floor of the fridge Don’t open door unnecessarily Never over pack
33
What are some options for travelling with vaccines
Ice boxes Freezer bags Portable electric coolers
34
Describe vaccines for immunocastration
Vaccine for pigs against gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) IMPROVAC Contains GnRH linked to a carrier to stimulate an immune reaction Antibodies bind to animals GnRH, block its activity so the anterior pituitary does not produce FSH/LH to stimulate the testes Two doses starting at 12 weeks of age No risk on accidental injection to self on first occasion
35
What deems a vaccine as “core”
Regarded as essential or highly recommended For severe and common diseases Effective Risk of adverse reaction is small Benefits of vaccination is likely to exceed the risks
36
What deems a vaccine as “non-core” or optional
Depends on location or spikes in disease prevalence
37
What are the two methods of systemic administration of vaccines? What are the disadvantages and advantages? What are some precautions
IM or SQ Advantages: reliable administration, systemic immunity (IgG) Disadvantages: difficult technique, no or little IgA Ensure there is a clean bottle and new needle and syringe
38
What are the two methods of mucosal administration? What are the disadvantages and advantages?
PO or IN advantages: both local and systemic immunity (IgA and IgG), do not require a needle, but may need alternate device Disadvantages: requires effective restraint, potential for variable vaccine administration (may cough, sneeze or foam at mount and loose some of the dose), requires a MLV (killed is not as effective in the route)
39
True or false | Combo vaccines are not as effective as single vaccines
FALSE there is no issue with combo vaccines
40
Many Killed vaccines consist of an initial priming vaccination followed by a secondary vaccination typically ___ days later. Maximal immunity develops about ___ weeks later. Booster vaccination is done ___ years later.
21-28 days later 2-3 weeks later 1-3 years later
41
What happens after the initial priming vaccine
There is NO antibody initially Antigen has to be phagocytosed by dendritic cells and taken to lymphocytes to create memory cells, B cells and then antibodies
42
What is the first antibody typically made
IgM followed by IgG, IgA and IgE
43
Describe how maternal immunity interacts with vaccination
Passive immunity from maternal antibody in colostrum prevents successful vaccination, the circulating antibodies kill off the antigens in the vaccine and does not allow for the body to make any antibody
44
How are puppies and kittens vaccinated in terms of maternal antibody
Typically given multiple vaccinations in the beginning 8, 12 and 16 weeks, followed by 1 year and then every 1 or 3 years after that Or vaccination can be delayed until after colostrum antibody is gone (usually about 12 weeks in kittens and puppies and up to 6 months in foals and calves)
45
Why may an individual not respond to vaccination
Incorrect storage or administration of the vaccine Inability to respond: colostrum antibody, genetic differences, immune suppression
46
High antibody levels following vaccination are associated with
Strongly antigenic vaccines (some are more antigenic than others) Small dogs First vaccination as a younger adult (3-4 years old) Certain breeds respond better
47
About ___% of dogs experience adverse reactions.
0.4%
48
When Most vaccine reactions occur?
The day of vaccination
49
When are adverse vaccine reactions most often seen
Small dogs When Multiple vaccines given as once Repeated vaccines Neutered dogs
50
What are the most common adverse reactions seen
Lethargy, fever and inflammation at the injection site
51
Describe why discomfort at the time of vaccination is common
Struggling during administration increases destruction of tissue, pain and inflammation May lead to biting or severe discomfort Can be reduced by proper restraint, appropriate environment, rewards and distraction
52
Describe inflammation seen with vaccinations
Typically occurs after 1-7 days Warmth, swelling and edema at the injection site and a possible fever Usually subsides on its own (can use NSAIDs) May develop into an abscess and severe reactions can cause abortions
53
Describe hypersensitivity type 1 reactions seen with vaccinations
Rare by is a serious problem Associated with repeated vaccination (mainly with killed vaccines) Type 1 (anaphylaxis) occurs within minutes (may have a history) IgE mediated
54
Describe hypersensitivity type 3 reactions seen with vaccination
Occurs when antigen-antibody complexes deposit in the tissues Occurs 2-3 weeks following infection/vaccination Signs: intense local information, purpura, blue eye, ischemic dermatitis and alopecia
55
Describe hypersensitivity type 4 reactions seen with vaccination
The cellular infiltrate is T cells and macrophages. These produce a granuloma at the injection site which may abscess (more common with depot (oil) vaccines)
56
Describe vaccine induced autoimmune diseases
Rare Tend to occur with vaccines grown in cell lines of the same species and when the vaccine contains an adjuvant The adjuvant may stimulate immunity to vaccine cell line antigens and the antibodies then cross react with host antigens
57
Describe vaccine induced hypertrophic osteodystrophy
Rare Thickening of the long bones following vaccination Mainly reported in Weimaraners vaccinated with MLVs Starts within 10 days of vaccination Treated with corticosteroids Some believe there is a pre-existing immunodeficiency in this breed and will used killed vaccines instead
58
Describe injection site sarcomas
Invasive tumour, will Metastasize and must be removed with very large margins Rare problem in cats (1 in 5000) associated with vaccination with multiple vaccines given at a time or vaccines with strong adjuvants Problems affects young adult cats and are difficult and expensive to treat
59
What is a common error seen with vaccine manufacturing
Poor attenuation of the vaccine (contaminated vaccines)
60
True or false Some vaccines are mildly immunosuppressive
True May be transient
61
How can you prevent adverse reactions
Always obtain a full history (previous reactions) Pretreat with antihistamines Close monitoring for 20 mins after vaccination to detect anaphylaxis Don’t over vaccinate
62
How do you treat adverse vaccine reactions
Anaphylaxis: epinephrine and/or antihistamines, corticosteroids, and IV fluids Fever and soreness treated with NSAIDs
63
Describe vaccine approval
All vaccines must be licensed by the CFIA they must be manufactured in appropriate facilities following safety and cleanliness standards
64
Describe the 80:80 challenge studies when approving vaccines
Standard: 80% protection in those vaccinated 80% disease prevalence in unvaccinated population Not always followed and may only need to show an antibody response

Immunology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions