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2a- Immunology > Vaccines > Flashcards

Vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

What is passive immunisation?

A

Passive immunity is a short-term immunity which results from the introduction of antibodies from another person or animal

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2
Q

What’s a limitation of passive immunisation?

A

only humoral (antibody) mediated

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3
Q

What’s an advantage of passive immunisation?

A
  • Gives immediate protection
  • Effective in immunocompromised patients
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4
Q

What are disadvantages of passive immunisation?

A
  • short-lived
  • Possible transfer of pathogens
  • “Serum sickness” on transfer of animal sera
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5
Q

What are some examples of passive immunisation?

A
  • Specific Immunoglobulins (Ig)
  • Human Normal Immunoglobulin (HNIG)
  • Convalescing serum eg., SARS Co-V2
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6
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

Antigenic substance prepared from the causative agent of a disease

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7
Q

What are 2 forms of active immunisation?

A
  • Non-Living Vaccines (whole killed and toxoids)
  • Live Attenuated Vaccines
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8
Q

What is the whole microbe vaccine?

A
  • Bacteria or viruses grown in vitro and inactivated using agents such as formaldehyde or Β-propionolactone
  • Formaldehyde stops bacteria from being infectious
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9
Q

What is a non-living vaccine?

A
  • do not cause infection
  • antigens contained in it induce an immune response that protects against infection by non-self antigen recognition
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10
Q

What are cell-free toxoids?

A

Can be non-living vaccines

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11
Q

What are some problems with whole killed vaccines?

A
  • The organisms must be grown to high titre in vitro (viruses and some bacteria difficult/expensive to grow in the lab)
  • Whole pathogens can cause excessive reactogenicity (i.e. adverse reactions, excessive immunological responses)
  • Immune responses are not always close to the normal response to infection, e.g. no mucosal immunity, no CD8 Tc responses
  • Usually need at least 2 shots
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12
Q

What are some examples of bacterial whole killed vaccines?

A
  • Diphtheria - formaldehyde treated toxin - rendered a non-toxic “toxoid”
  • Tetanus - toxoid
  • Pertussis (whooping cough) - killed whole bacteria (Bordetella pertussis) given with the two above as DTP
    • 3-doses
    • UK has now moved to acellular pertussis
      (aP), not whole cells
  • Cholera - heat-killed bacteria
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13
Q

What are some examples of viral whole killed vaccines?

A
  • Polio vaccine (Salk) - inactivated virus-IPV
  • Influenza vaccine - inactivated virus
  • Hepatitis A vaccine - inactivated virus
  • Rabies vaccine - inactivated virus
  • SARS-Co-V2 (Valneva) - inactivated virus
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14
Q

How do viral vaccines work?

A

The organisms replicate within the host and induce an immune response which is protective against the wild-type organism but does not cause disease

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15
Q

Is using whole killed vaccines or dead ones better?

A

Using whole virus or bacteria usually gives better protection as can replicate rather than dead ones

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16
Q

What is attenuation?

A
  • Where an organism is cultured in such a way that it does not cause disease when inoculated into humans
  • It has lost its pathogenicity but retains its antigenicity – (i.e. shape)
17
Q

What are the advantages of live attenuated vaccines?

A
  • Immune response that follow real infection because its not fixed – no shape change, more closely mimics
  • Better immune response so doses are required, so the scale of in vitro growth needed is lower
  • Route of administration may be more favourable (oral)
  • Fewer doses may be required to provide protection
18
Q

What are problems with live attenuated vaccines?

A
  • Often impossible to balance attenuation and immunogenicity
  • Reversion to virulence (harmfulness)
  • Transmissibility
  • Live vaccines may not be so attenuated in immunocompromised hosts
19
Q

What are bacterial examples of attenuated vaccines?

A
  • Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG): Mycobacterium bovis grown over many passages in vitro
    • Gives some protection against TB (tuberculosis)
  • Salmonella typhi: temperature sensitive strain given orally
20
Q

What are viral examples of attenuated vaccines?

A
  • Poliomyelitis (Sabin) - widely used to bring polio to the brink of eradication
  • Vaccinia virus - used in billions of doses to eradicate smallpox due to cross-reactivity between itself and the variola virus
  • Measles, Mumps and Rubella - 3 given together as MMR
21
Q

What are examples of some pathogens lacking vaccines?

A
  • HIV
  • Malaria
  • Herpes Simplex Virus
    etc
22
Q

Why might some pathogens not have vaccines?

A
  • Pathogen too difficult to grow
  • Killed pathogen not protective (shape change)
  • Impossible to obtain attenuated and suitably immunogenic strain
  • Too many strains causing disease etc.
23
Q

What are some new vaccine approaches?

A
  • Recombinant Proteins
  • Synthetic Peptides
  • Live Attenuated Vectors
  • mRNA Vaccines
  • Polysaccharide-Protein Conjugates
24
Q

What are the stages of vaccination?

A
  1. Engage the innate immune system
  2. Danger signals that activate the immune system, triggers such as molecular fingerprints of infection – PAMPs (pathogen associated molecular patterns)
  3. Engage TLR receptors
  4. Activate specialist APC (antigen presenting cell)
  5. Engage the adaptive immune system
    • Generate memory T and B cells
    • Activate T cell help

2a- Immunology (5 decks)

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